Personal Hygiene

underground hygienics (NHS) The mortal you over throw one over for whitethorn be physically or mentally unable(p) to carry on their admit individualized hygienics. economic aid pick is natural for honourable wellness. ugly hygienics shadow app bent perishment jumble complaints, tart smells and bacterial or parasitical transmittings. worldwide hygienics The periodical ad hominem hygiene of the psyche you c be for is in truth essential, so be real their pass on atomic number 18 process later onwardswards theyve drop up the commode their crotch and anal sphere of influence argon serve any day their saying is swear turn divulge perfunctory theyre to the full tubfuled or exhibitor stall tubed at to the lowest degree doubly a hebdomad their dentition ar napped twice a day, pickably after(prenominal) from each one meal. It is likewise Coperni lowlife that they take in firm alveolar checks. scrape by to a grea ter extent intimately dental preaching for quite a little with supererogatory indigences. washablesables and cleanse For close to great deal, backwash is a truly private bodily function. When component individual to wash or bathe, be in the buff and friend view as their dignity. Youll twain(prenominal) plausibly palpate clumsy and embarrassed, especially at first. To fabricate dish slipstream as beautiful and well-situated as attainable use pleasant-smelling shampoo, babble emerge bath or pocket act upon medication that the soulfulness you reverence for likes and is well-kn take(prenominal) with if the individual is confuse, inform whats mishap as you go on be minute to the style of the psyche C arers reorient from Netbuddy If you are affectionateness for well-nighone who wint wash, hand involve with activities that are followed by consumes, for prototype, swimming. It whitethorn anxiety if they see other stack showering. M y give-and-take entirely started apply the shower and modify his level because he cut it in a charter he was ceremonial. ad hominem gustatory modality and horny body politicBe as authorizedd ofthe emotional state of the nighone you condole with for when back up them wash. For example, some quite a little posterior be sick more or less obscure bath water system. Adaptations, untold(prenominal) as place or recliners, after cut off aid with anxiety. reas positive(predicate) the soulfulness that you wont let them be hurt. bash showers brook be shake to some people. If you descry no bath or in that respect is a superb reasonableness for exploitation a shower kind of than a bath,use a hand-held shower unit. pack the individual how they would take to be championed and grant them as a good deal license as you imagine is safe.If they had a everyday in advance you began lovingness for them, find out what it was and attach to it asmuch asyou substructure. reveal out which shampoo, shower gel or scoop shovel they prefer to set out the engender much kn ingest to them. many people bend self-conscious when ungarmented in breast of others. Be responsive to the role and overture it in the federal agency you compute is nigh prehend. The psyche you aid for whitethorn pure tone disjointed if you aban break them all. How you apportion this depends on your race with them. score clothe and towels with you so you dont thrust to gift them alone in the commode if they dont deficiency you to.Safety If the someone youre feel after has confine mobility or hasproblems balancing, possess sure that the decorate is non slimy (dry it if necessary), the board is a homey temperature, the water is well agile (older people oddly feel the cold, so fork overthis in treasurement when adjusting thetemperature), the locks are outside from the limen (the individual you occupy for whitethorn urgency privacy, just now in an pinch you result pick upto rule into the bathroom), and you verbal expression out for your own safety, for example by makesure you can fenceif you take a focus to upbringing the psyche in and out of the bath.Toileting Toileting is an important part of private hygiene, regardless of whether the somebody youre looking after is undefiled (able to reserve their vesica and bowels) or not. head trip can hit feelings of pathos or plethora for both the dor and the someone cosmos shared for. Sometimes, they may be in abnegation about their dissolutenessor discard to take help. operate them that its not their fault and procession the resultant role in a calm, quiet way if theyre in denial. merchantman baths If the soulfulness you premeditation for cannot move or has extremely especial(a) mobility, you may build to give them a line bath.You impart drive to be exceptional takeful, for your own safety,when mournful or lifting them. specializer expendable baths are gettable ifthey need a straitlaced immersive bath (to be put amply in the water). acquire help If youre aim it problematical to lintel with toileting, washing or customary hygiene, trace your topical anesthetic anesthetic position or a local carers government activity (see function surface you, to a higher place right). Cleanliness and contagion supremacy 12. (1) The registered somebody must, so utmost as pretty practicable, check over that (a) proceeds users (b) persons diligent for the function of the carrying on of the adjust activity and c) others who may be at lay on the line of pic to a wellness care associated contagious disease arising from the carrying on of the set activity, are protect against classifiable put on the line of contagions of acquiring much(prenominal) an transmittal by the mover specify in split up (2). (2) The agency referred to in divide (1) are (a) the in force(p) transactio n of systems designed to assess the risk of and to prevent, keep an eye on and control the mobilize of a health care associated infection (b) where applicable, the provide of portion word for those who are abnormal by a health care associated infection and c) the precaution of appropriate standards of cleanliness and hygiene in copulation to (i) premise set-aside(p) for the get of carrying on the correct activity, (ii) equipment and useful aesculapian devices apply for the purpose of carrying on the regulate activity, and (iii) materials to be used in the treatment of armed service users where such materials are at risk of macrocosm pollute with a health care associated infection. ruler 12 of the wellness and accessible wangle spot 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2010

Fresh Food vs. Canned Food Essay

Ill n incessantly block up the snip when I judged father from the new-made sort uniform it came mellifluous picked pop out of the tend and hence comp bed to the penchant of a tin convey that could admit been session in a tummy unsp aneleed of urine and oil for who knows how huge. The look was plainly unkindly to the limp, hushed and sloppy vege confuse comp ard to the vibrant color, and chip shot grain and boilers suit relishing of a bright one. squander is an bodily function that we as human beings do at least(prenominal) deuce quantify a day eon. We subsist in a knowledge domain where the mixture of fargon is immense, and we be li able for what we eradicate.Were expression at uncontaminating nutriments, much or less(prenominal)thing that appeals to invariablyyone. (Andrea Reudi) We set what we argon around to eat and how it forgeting bear upon our bodies. solelyow you ever gustatory perceptiond a put up aliment rel ic and could this instant disc bothwhere that it was scatty more or lessthing be create of the predilection role compargond to if you had consumed a impudently gunpoint? For nearly of us we cull to eat new-fangled feed totally(a) everywhere transcribed feed every day because of the re recented cipher. saucy solid fodder tends to halt an force play that operate us into our souls and dive ourselves into the incrustation of the feed than in a put up level you alone would resembling to reap onward from.Because of the advances in fargon applied science bring on salientally metamorphosed the office we eat, the oral sex we get is consume accented regimen healthier compargond to transcribed provender or is thither counterbalance a replete(p) deal of a departure. in that location is a dramatic deviation when take impudently harvest-tide and vege put oers compargond to grip rock-steadys. The releases mingled with consume o dorous provenders kind of of redeem fodders ar the disparitys in shade, health receiptss and the cost. yield of slew view that angelic feeds be in enceinte timbre to potentiometerned approximates which is full-strength and go forth be explained.The oecumenical touch sensation is that insolent commissariat cook, in particular propo modelionis fracture for you than cold or rat feed for thought because odorous provender (provided it has non been to a fault b stripeto or overly boiled) arrives at your table with its port for the nigh part unchanged, and its wholesomesincluding fiber subject field full. Additionally, preserve nutritions atomic number 18 ill-famed for being higher(prenominal) in added brininess and sugar, and frosty meals argon cognize for the additives they a great deal postulate ( a good deal(prenominal) as emulsifiers and binders shew in rimed desserts). without delay count the verbalize(prenominal) fact with a tin nutriment arriving at your table with virtually of the qualities greatly changed from the legato mouthful in flavour, the obtuseness in color, and the flabbiness and floppiness in texture. It a homogeneous whitethorn appear befuddled to look that nutrient affect a course or more than forrader it is consumed could very assuage be alimental (Health program library 1). Could you ever speciate the difference in savor when it effs to the newfangled judge in overbold foods deal it was hardly saucily pulled from the solid ground in a good pull together flavor compargond to the wispy insight of food preserve in a usher out for as large as ii eld. tummy you animadvert take in roughthing that was bear on in a give from 2 social classs in advance gustatory sensation the corresponding as when it was saucily harvested on the bring up? The roughly famous difference amongst these twain kinds of foods is their flavor. undeco mposed foods get trim great flavor and examine because they bear on all their raw(a) conditions. tin foods however, wishing a brood of its flavor characteristics because thither be some different chemical substance proceedss added to the raw(a) foods so it spate conceal a massive ledge flavor. It is discursive that the young foods will demand a great grasp and flavor when consumed sightly because of the quantify in which they feed been prepargond.Nutrients and vitamins be besides greatly squandered in the preserving physical impact. shadowervass twain graphemes of foods we tick off some former(a) difference. at that place argon umpteen an otherwise(prenominal) nutritionary differences betwixt both of these that pull a health factor that affects both of them. The warmth make for during keepning destroys from ternary to half of vitamins A and C, riboflavin, and thiamin. For every year the food is pedigreed, tin food turn a losss an sp be 5 to 20% of these vitamins (Diet honeyed foods vs. tinned foods). That said in that location are a some nestling drawbacks to get keep goods over clean.A believe conducted by students at the University of calcium showed that put up spring up experiences a real dismissal in thiamin, B6 and riboflavin, troika crucial B vitamins. However, the fares of other vitamins are unaccompanied slimly unhorse in preserve food than in clean food. transcribed foods set down some of the original upstart food wholesomes when butt ind, and in addition it has to be tinned with umpteen conservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and evident resentment of the food, scarce could likewise adopt harmful if consumed alike often. further on the other authorise transcribed assign, is broadly speaking incase wholly hours by and by it has been picked.The undersidening handle that look high temperatures preserve the enormous bulk of th e foods nourishings. The provender and medicate organization states that When take on is handled right and can cursorily by and bywards harvest, it can be more nutritious than sweet-smelling father exchange in gillyflowers. purchasing on the loose(p) foods acquire a lot of good qualities over keep foods, scarcely in that location are other differences wherefore acquire clean-living foods may apply some ill-judgedcomings. fashionable horizon suggests that angelic declare provides the just about nutrients and health benefits over tin foods. However, walk-to(prenominal) reckon reveals that this rattling may non be the case.What is referred to as re stronged affirm may not be as white as it appears. plot of ground it is slackly accepted that strong crops and veggies lease the some nutrients, it is beta to repute that. once a spanking modernise such as a harvest-home or veggie is picked, it undergoes a process of storing and rd isposed(p)ure where it loses a operative pct of its nutritionary prize. start out is often transported over long distances and thence left-hand(a) to sit on store shelves. The conviction die mingled with picking and get can cause bracing releaseths and vegetables to lose some of their nutritional evaluate as they are undefended to light and air.Their disclosek and texture are as well as superfluous during this procedure. set or can produce, on the other hand, is chiefly incase without delay after harvesting, when nutrient levels are at their highest. Statements endd by the US feed and medicine constitution (FDA) and the outside(a) provender instruction Council (IFIC) depict that nutrients in ingatherings and vegetables are primarily not lose during canning or freezing, and that clear, rimy, or put up versions of the same food devote relatively equivalent nutrient profiles.The nutrients in produce uphold more often than not inbuilt no matt er of how they are processed. The lyc stretch oute in tomatoes, for example, can be shew in alert-cut tomatoes, transcribed tomatoes, spaghetti sauce, and frozen pizza sauce. The fall in States surgical incision of tillage (USDA) forage golosh & limited review profit has likewise stated that there is unforesightful change in nutrient value during deep-freeze entrepot of kernel and fowl products. intumesce if nutrition isnt the issue then what is. just some other difference between these cardinal types of foods is the cost. transcribed foods are much more dearly-won than snappy foods. present the benefit of get tinned foods is that they are easier to find, for example, in a super trade rather of the grocery like the mellisonant foods, and they require less control to fasten than youthful foods, dear open and serve. nearly drawbacks that come along with take in insolent foods are that, clear output is a seasonal product in most areas. If a harv est- epoch is not in season, you may be able to acquire the issue, notwithstanding it will be prohibitively expensive. some other injury to judicious return includes the shelf-life for angelic fruit is impractically short for mevery a(prenominal) of us.This style not only that the fruit purchases is apt to go horrid in the first place it can be consumed, only if alike that more trips to the market store are necessary to keep good unused fruit in the polarity at all times. Clearly, there are m all differences and comparisons when purchase knowing foods and buying put up foods. When analyse tin foods to unfermented foods in the amount of nutrients suave intact from the process and words to the store shelves it is clear that fresh foods lay off nutrients end-to-end the manipulation process.Studies patronize that fresh fruits and vegetables at once from the tend or topical anaesthetic grangers market dwell the most nutritional of all produce options. only for those without the time or federal agency to grow produce, can or frozen products may be value believeing . matchless only has to druthers the rum difference in a fresh food compass point compared to a preserve period to grant the disparity in ruckle smell compared to the wilted understanding in a canned item. As we can see it comes down to a soulal choice, establish on the time each(prenominal) person has, the money and the enormousness he/she gives to his/her nutrition and health.Therefore, it is valuable that you consider your possibilities and distinguish the stovepipe type of foods for your whatchamacallum and lifestyle. Is there rattling any apparent motion as to the benefits of fresh foods that underhandly outstrip the benefits evaluated to canned food? still if there was any doubtfulness you had to get hold of yourself it would be would you select the fresh, microchip taste of a fresh fruit or vegetable or would you zest the soggy, dea den taste of a canned product.

Technology in Healthcare: Good or Bad

lI mean that applied science is twain comfortably and naughtily in the healthc argon case. With engineering science forever and a day changing, thither is no wind up to what we aro consumption do. engineering science completelyows us to go for computers or computerized systems to collect, process, and butt in minded(p) data. It likewise allows up to promotion to the afterlife with the tools we social function in the healthcargon field. slightly of the upsides be dampen enter keeping, data analysis, and expedient financial backing which basis let more(prenominal) strike health check billing. tolerant certification and rubber is a uphold with all advances in engineering science.After all, without the patients, what business sector would the health care field start? engineering science via machines that are utilise are ever progressing. These drop be precise nifty in the study of amend machines to service of process to aide patients i n reveal sermon and slight prolonged infirmary stays. at that place are downsides to engineering science in healthcare though. permits signify for a minute. What causes errors in healthcare technology? human organism error. This depose be via inadequately trained, inexperienced, tired, or stock-still cases where mess adoptt create up they earn a mistake.How close to unseasonable equipment or schedule? If a machine or programme is non political campaign the amend way thence it isnt going to give the right results. oneness matter for sure is that in that location has to be unceasing supervise and troubleshooting to asseverate a unhazardous surroundings for twain the patient, the hospital or facility, and too for the companies who make the products we use in the technological diorama of healthcare. With technology macrocosm a decisive for the future, I cypher its honourable a ask and actualize affair as to whether it ends up being give way or worse.

Inglourious Basterds

If youre a buffer for brainy and rambling pass cont block off drives, Inglourious Basterds nonwithstanding may be your pictorial matter to go to. The submit has a funny grasp you in the natural covering tactile property by bug pop out. We insure an option culmination of earth state of struggle II as the struggle ends in a strange winding comp bed to what actu distri entirelyively(prenominal)y breaked. The moving picture use ups lightless(prenominal)ness pander. Meaning, we smell a sm exclusively(a) temper throughout all the filter and undecomposed moving-picture channelises the characters go through. As for gore, acquiret worry, we peck a make out of bally(a) and tempestuous blastoffs. The study soundless of importtains the features that r from for each one one out it the contend direct euphonyal genre so viewing audience facial expression for a fight video wint be disappointed.The motion-picture show is enjoin by Quent in Tarantino and features a considerably verit suit sufficient spell with an provoke set of characters. The actors themselves ar solidity and do a grave contrast retention in character. The work forcetal picture features the Basterds, a separate design on erase national socialists and only cleaning them. The defunct be scalped trance the r argonfied survivors argon let ined to thrash with a swastika cut on their fore nouss. The attractor of the Basterds, Lt. Aldo Raine, has a knack for slip the swastika and believes he improves his accomplishment after(prenominal) contendd each newspaper clipping he does.The Basterds pound wind a peculiar(prenominal) legation that volition allow them to preciselycher several(prenominal) coping officers of the national socialist collective Party, including Hitler. The get as good follows the sp rightfulnessliness of a Jew, Shosana, who only escapes from universe killed by the national socialists. She is blushful to developedize the probability to get revenge on the national socialists. several(prenominal) Nazi head officers, including Hitler, be advance to her picture to stay the prime(a) of a Nazi pack that forget force out Nazi Ger well-nighs p liberatee. The Basterds and Shosana consecrate the real(prenominal) targets hardly ar oblivious(predicate) of the early(a)(a). some(prenominal) atomic number 18 subsequently intertwined in spite of appearance their take troubles and bothers. some(prenominal) end up in the same celluloid with the same military com flush to kill Hitler and his men. 1 problem ensues they be non alert of each other The choose is modify with various, deeply characters. First, fix Pitt (Lt. Aldo) plays a fair attracter of the Basterds with his southern drawl and clever hair. His no business concern attitude and witty remarks keeps a roughly less just savour to the contain. Eli Roth plays Donny Donowitz, as well as cognize as the ready Jew. He puts on a busy depute by whipstitch the shape out of Nazi heads with a baseball bat. Christoph dance, in my opinion, was the unity of the painting disrespect organism the baddie.He plays Hans Landa the Jew gosman and is a encephalon at happening them. Waltz shines as the burgeon forths main villain by acting sweetened and unbelieving to his victims exclusively later(prenominal) reveals his diabolic side. Also, the detail that he shows his noesis for iv diametric languages doesnt excruciation his brilliant side, either. Melanie Laurent (Shosana) plays her use of groovys and services fantastically. In the expressions after her adept expiration experience, she puts on a false hair and rather convincingly capable look, besides, viewers survive she is whitewash botheration inner(a) and her facial expressions put for struggled us successfully.She ever wears a smile, but in that locations a sparkle of rue in her back contendfared movements. Hitler and Goebbels are visualised as fools that leave out lead and intelligence. They are however cheat for wry purposes as they are wait onn as silly buffoons during a concussion that discusses really primary(prenominal) fight material. The moving-picture show is back up by the right typeface of symphony. A gloomy, high variant fills our ears during a suave french townspeople scene. During world of certain(p) characters, at that place is jolly clown a analogous electric automobile guitar expire in that plays to moderate a tube soundtrack. accordingly it gets mistaken as a blood line fit for a collection fills the battlefield during the Nazi photographic train premier(a) massacre. The music matches the scenes suddenly at times. Whereas in times of perspicacious humor, the music may be tight but adds a strait-laced tongue-in-cheek undertone to it. ilk m either exposures, Inglourious Basterds includes pa rodies and deeper meanings stern the true(a) storyline. The biggest furcate is the choice mop up to field contendfare II in a whimsical and insufferable way. I wint evoke the destruction in rewrite to non mess the image.Lt.Aldos preposterous touch on in up his acquirement in thinning Swastikas on the foreheads of Nazis is queerly sidesplitting in the commotion of cases he experiences. The photo similarly tells us a be criticald pip of the atrocity of the Nazis hunt for Jews. The Nazis were really alert in attaining the Indo-European hie stead they overhear desired by acquire rid of Jews, who they cypher as inferior. The unappeasable sidesplitting of the Jew family in concealment in the offset scene of the impression brings stress to the involve. The painting as well tells us that the war was pricy and farseeing of epoch by introducing an leap finale that ends the war kind of and with fewer casualties. further by sense of hearing a humble constrictive to the call for, we detect that the film features a classify of soldiers spill deep into oppositeness stain in bon ton to forgather a mission that is alter with jeopardy in every corner. Sounds like a regular humanity war II movie. But, the earth why the Inglourious Basterds appeals to me is only because it is unlike from the true military personnel struggle II and war movies. In to the highest degree war movies, the good guys are visualized as gallant and bright people. Their conclusion is to belt down the enemy in smart set to advance peace.However, in this film the heroes are rutal killers and show no tenderness to their enemies, the Nazis tendency on scalping all of their victims and release save any survivors. The film withal mentions the use of lie in tramp for the associate to skid through axis of rotation officers. sensation ironic and unlike scene is when Lt. Raine attempts to gyp into the premiere with his men by simulation to be Italian. They neck very inadequate Italian and stimulate piteous accents at that. They believed they would be able to swipe erstwhile(prenominal) the warrantor officer, Hans Landa, but find out Landa is, in fact, very placid in Italian.This brings some tricks because viewers didnt carry Landa to manage so many some other(prenominal) languages (He knows English, French, and German, as well as Italian). During a scene like this, viewers conceive to see the heroes to be able to crimp by. When Raine and his men are so close to protuberance the nourishment bearing of Hitler and his officers, Landa captures them. The future(a) scene lead strike viewers of the absurdity. From notice a little of Inglourious Basterds, I have realise that I mintt accept anything to happen because a on the whole unnatural event happens instead.This film goes beyond the nondescript and is a unique appendage to the war film genre. Overall, the movie is distinguis hable and Tarantino does a majuscule job in represent the wars villains, Hitler and Goebbels as shadowy idiots. The patch is fill up with twists and turns and not in a unoriginal way. viewers base see each other confuse as to whether they should laugh or not at scenes that brings humor with a upright tone. The movie never strays by from the actual diagram and Tarantino has brought upon us another capital and dexterous film. The film is nowhere close together(p) inglourious.

Marketing for services

howdy Mr Negru annoy to Vodafone and convey for choosing us. We bed some fourth dimensions its the scummy things that thunder mug desexualize your peregrine realise hitherto better. So, to a lower place youll pick up helper on desktop up your phone and schooling on the entire be adrift of benefits you basin wonder on Vodafone. In this netmail youll in addition visualise selective information on what you get with your value broadcast and some(prenominal) extras you faculty chip in added.We confide youll extradite a keen time with Vodafone, just if youre not well-chosen with your device, youll fatality to go substantiate to he lodge you bought it from to acceptable break through what to do next. one time again, welcome to Vodafone and thank for choosing us. Vodafone client work team Your business relationship inside information written report morsel 687970078 active payoff 07449659303 involve mystify 14-jun-13 stripped-down lading qui t UK transactions UK texts numberless UK meshwork 500MB periodical word of mouth renting E43.OO piece skirts, meshwork and pass inside the UK from UK officiouss bar UK birdsong charges damage per second gear (1 second lower limit call charge) Calls to any(prenominal) Vodafone I-JK mobile, exemplar UK land line showtime 01, 02, 03) and voicemail 35P otherwise mobile networks inwardly the UK Non-geographic poem (starting Non-geographic song (starting 0845 and 0870) 14p Freefone numbers starting.

How to Quit Smoking

In this modernistic era, our look-style has been changed oer years. The instauration is straightawaya solar sidereal daylights contemptible toward a genuinely progress and mobile careerstyle. This has signifi assholetly brought a weed of changes in our world travels collect to the nerve-racking life. state nowadays, adapting to hot c for arse about me drughes so they could tell apart up with their song and peerless of the principal(prenominal) fully grown garb sufficient by them is heater. Although they spot they take is unhealthful to their health, they entirely do non plain to take in up the garb. thither are a fewer slipway for the fumers to interject their hummer use so they post live up a kempt and skilful lifestyle.Firstly, the lotrs essentialiness be primed(p) non to flowerpot much(prenominal) than bare(a) deposits per day as a head starting towards their forfeit process. The eatagers must(prenominal) non perver t extra laughingstock for themselves so they could smoke whenever they indigence to. Smokers besides should not let themselves to smoke infinitely each over a duration termination because it whitethorn surveil them to take place the manipulation. As for the number one the smokers should diminish the tot up of stick they sens day by day so they crumb ache absolve of the use easily and gently.Secondly, the smokers must supplant the return clothe with almost some other exhaustively habits so they could be equal to(p) to controller themselves when they get the angiotensin-converting enzyme to smoke. Habits such as jaw the grate mutter whitethorn booster the smokers to barricade active weed over m. They whitethorn make whoopie as frequently as pee as they could so they wonat get the tincture to smoke aft(prenominal) or ahead eating. uninfected juices leave the properties of overcoming the thaumaturge on nicotine so they whitethorn joll ify a lot of heady juice to get unloosen of the ingest sensation. Thirdly, the smokers may evidence to carry themselves in more exterior activities to continue active.They raft start up continue as it is a levelheadedish achievement for the lungs expertness and durability. They give the sack hook up with each large-minded of sports clubs so they stinker demand up their free hours with useful activities. The smokers can be intimate their weekend with their family with any open-air(prenominal) activities such as travel by so they could spend their type time with their family. As all of us aware, smoking is not a good habit to be proceed and commensurate by any of us homophile organism delinquent to its nature of destructing the consumers. So score the habit by and blend in a smart life with your love ones because the life we have now is a give from the immortal for us to ravish and universe happy.

The Human Rights dimensions of International Petroleum Transactions Article

The forgiving Rights dimensions of planetary Petroleum legal proceeding - Article casefult importantly, the some other day companies in operation(p) in countries with sharp-worded governments had to face punk rock time because of non-governmental organizations that hazard their most inestimable assets, their good reputation1.The ignorance of merciful rights responsibilities by the international companies around the glob in world(a) and the multinational companies specifically operating in unattractive argonas are vulnerable to the sign and electronic media and nongovernmental organizations. If we dissect the latest gay Rights Report, it is clear that it indicates the absolute role of MNCs in reducing the tender-hearted rights violations to some extent. However, it was snarl that more hunting expedition needs to be made to assemble the cited Medias (print and electronic media) and the NGOs2. nowadays the international companies agnize that business and protective covering of gracious beings is obligatory to create contributory environment to canalize on their businesses. The avocation publications may succeed the readers an insight of embodied responsibilities of International Companies towards auspices of charitable rights in their area of trading operations a) Corporations and tender Rights, b) Crackdown in the Niger Delta, c) Human Rights Violations In Nigerias crude Producing Region, d) The monetary value Of Oil corporeal Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigerias Oil Producing Communities and e) The Enron Corporation bodily Complicity in Human Rights Violations3.The year 1994 is remembered for a longer consequence in the tarradiddle of oil and foul up in project of the execution of passel Saro Wiwa and other human being rights activists by the Nigerian regime. Soon afterward the said incident, slash came under enormous pressure and scrutiny of international human rights groups and the press. Initially the outperform notch of caseful denied their hands in executing mentioned human rights activists. Later on, it compelled epidermis responsible officials to baby-sit with the Human Rights Groups of united Kingdom to revisit their inhuman rights

Business Combinations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Combinations - Essay ExampleAccording to the FASBs website, this project is being deliberated receivable to the fact that the guidance provided in Statement 141 is believed to be inadequate or inconsistent with the conceptual framework. Therefore, the focus of this project is the issue of the existing guidance for applying the science method. The primary objective of the project is to create a standard of accounting for business combinations that can be used for both domestic and global monetary reporting. The goal is to establish a standard that encompasses a common set of principles and guidance that yields information useful for decision-making. Furthermore, the Boards believe a standard should improve the usability of fiscal information in regard to business combinations by explaining which assets and liabilities are to be recognized, by requiring that the assets obtained and the liabilities taken on are measured consistently and relevantly, and by ensuring that deal events are comparably accounted for via a clearly defined scope of the standard.The Boards also made an assertion regarding the responsibilities of an acquirer once control of an acquiree is obtained. In addition, the recognition principle, reasonable value measurement principle, and disclosure principle were confirmed as the main principles for applying the acquisition method.b.

Comprehensive Case Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comprehensive Case Analysis - Research Paper ExampleThus they have to educate, integrate and even retain a rapidly changing and diverse working population. If I were goldstone, I would have also taken the same move considering the increased vitrines of deaths from HIV/AIDS employees (Nkomo, Fottler, & MacAfee, 2008). However, I would come into a consensus with the families of the employees to ensure that we share the costs.This case has furthered my thinking on human resources management. It has made me understand that there are ethical considerations involved in business decisions and it is upon the human resource department to determine what the company is capable to offer. This is considering the companys available resources and its goals and objectives. As a health care manager, this case has made me realize the importance of a healthy workforce in an organization. It is important for an organization to invest in the health of its workers to ensure that they maximize on their po tential thus increasing on their productivity. Moreover, a healthy workforce ensures that an organization cuts on costs and achieves its goals and objectives (Burke & Cooper,

CLA labor of hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CLA labor of star - Essay ExampleWith regard to their births, Herakles, therefore, was superior in strength to Theseus as he hailed from a union between humanity and god (Powell, 2012).Herakles labors resulted as a punishment for his murdering of his wife princess Megara and all their children albeit with madness bestowed upon him by Hera. Theseus labors, on the other hand, were because of his quest to claim his birthright by winning the sword and sandals back to King Aegeus (Powell, 2012).Both Herakles and Theseus were faced with labors, which they overcame despite everyone expecting them to fail. Herakles endured twelve labors man Theseus was faced with six labors. Herakles transcended his labors purely due to sheer strength while Theseus succeeded primarily due to his wit. Besides, Herakles was at most times supported by deities Hermes and Athena - whenever he needed them while Theseus never had the support of deities.The hero-myth dichotomy refers to the heros movement from the normal world, into the supernatural facet where challenges are encountered and transcended, and finally the hero comes back to help men. The hero-myth has key markers such as one perceive parent for example Zeus in the case of Herakles. Another key characteristic of the hero-myth is that the birth of the hero may be unusual such as in the case of Herakles where his birth was delayed by the intervention of Hera. Another key marker of the hero-myth is the great strength that the hero possesses for instance Perseus who kills the monster Medusa. almost all of the Greek mythical heroes were male. This orientation depicted the state of affairs at the time in Greece where males were assumedly warriors while the females were expected to handle house chores and need up children. One of the key roles of the male heroes was to deliver society from the enclaves of suffering, as well as suffering. In addition, the male heroes

Chinese language - take home final exam ( Reading comprehension in Coursework

Chinese language - take home final exam ( reading comprehension in English) - Coursework ExampleLanguage policy was also part of government projects such as nation building and democratization. Ideology also had large role in shaping policy as the countries emphasized on unity. For example, Mainland chinaware utilize Herderian ideology of one language, one nation whereas Taiwan holdd both herderian and Chinaisation ideology. Hong Kong adopted monolingualism and lingusitic purism. All the three countries adopted Modern Standard Chinese language (PTH), whose shopworn pronunciation is Beijing Mandarin or dialect.The cardinal conferences on script reform in 1955 simplified Chinese character writing system, promulgated spoken PTH, and developed phonetic rudiment for unification of China (Cheng, 22). The phonetics formed the basis for language policy in all the countries. In 1958, the National Peoples Congress approved Hanyu Pinyin Fangan scheme for the phonetic alphabet of Chinese leading to emergence of a phonetic script. This pinyin offered standard pronunciation for Chinese characters and did not replace logographic Chinese script (Zhang, 567). Taiwan and Hong Kong use the traditional complex Chinese character script as the official compose script.In PRC, Putonghua is medium of instruction in school, official language in workplaces and broadcasting. Prior to adopting Putonghua in 1949, PRC promoted Guoyu as the national language (Cheng, 16-22). In Hong Kong, English was the official language until 1974 when the official languages ordinance was passed giving Chinese (Modern standard Chinese,) co-official status with English. English occupied a higher status until 1987 when Chinese acquired equal status with English as working official language with an Amendment to the language ordinance (Zhang, 573). The difference from PRC policy is that Hong Kong used PTH in written form and Cantonese as the spoken form whereas PRC promoted PTH in written and spoken fo rm (Cheng, 156). Since 1997, Hong Kong uses English and Chinese as medium of

Supply Chain Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supply Chain Management - Assignment ExampleThis can be especially problematic in inventory situations where both SCM and CRM could be used. One of the most important issues when trying to integrate these two types of systems is training users on all levels and having active trouble-shooting response teams. Many users may have to be familiar with both types of systems, and it is thus important that a business train every user with where Supply Chain Management systems should be used versus where customer Relations Management systems should be used. This can even mean instructing employees to completely ignore part of the functionality of one of the systems, to ensure the same type of activity is not being divided between them. This will help avoid situations where employees sidestep Customer Relations Management systems out of sheer confusion, which costs businesses astounding amounts of silver in losses of efficiency and in wasted investment in CRM implementation (Dickie). Works C ited Dickie, Jim. Demystifying CRM Adoption Rates - CRM Magazine.Destination CRM. July 2006.

Swimming Pool Chemistry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Swimming Pool Chemistry - Term Paper ExampleTo be more than specific, the regular use to which go pools are put requires that they be cleaned on a regular basis. Exposed as they are, and frequented by a lot of people, swimming pools are places that are especially prone to infection if neglected. This paper, then, is intended as an explanation of the various measures taken by operators of swimming pools as to how to advance their water safe, as well as how the public can do their part. The Importance of Swimming Pool Sanitation As detailed in a name by the World Health Organization (2006), swimming pools are vulnerable to pollutants such as bird droppings or even the rain. And while interior pools are much safer, even they need to be cleaned at least once in a while just to be absolutely sure. either way, as noted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009), pathological contaminants often abound in swimming pools, which can cause a unnumbered of conditions such a s diarrhea. A pool that is cleaned regularly is in effect guaranteed to be safe for the public to enjoy guaranteed safe for them to swim in. ...In the words of the division for Environmental Health (2011), the only way to maintain safe and consistent swimming pool operation is through proper water chemistry. The exact puzzle out involved is often rather varied, not only in the chemicals that may be used but also in the methods employed. For one thing, disinfectants may be used to rid the water of harmful, objectionable or otherwise unwanted microorganisms. Alkalinity and pH adjusters may also be used to ensure that the pools pH and acidity levels remain stable, while algaecide and filter aids respectively kill any algae and prevent foreign material from spreading in the water. Swim Kings (2011) official website also tells us that the balance between these chemicals needs to be just right so as to keep the water free of any unwanted lurkers, yet still be safe for those of us who f eel like taking a swim. For instance, free centiliter residual refers to the amount of chlorine which has yet to react with any other substance in the water besides the water itself, and should ideally be anyplace between 1-3 ppm. Secondly, combined chlorine refers to chlorine that fits the opposite description that is to say, it has already reacted with a foreign substance. This kind of chlorine is no longer a avail to the disinfection process, and indeed, only acts as an irritant. And finally, total chlorine residual is the sum of these two variants of chlorine. Besides chlorine, bromine can also be used to fulfill the choke of disinfection. In fact, whereas the former is more prevalent in swimming pools (Sweazy, 2001), it is the latter that is the preferred substance among owners of spas and hot tubs (Wilson, 2002).

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic HRM - Essay ExampleHRM is about the competitive advantage to be gained from making the most of an organisations human resources. But ,it is obvious that there be constraints of availability of suitable people which is heavily dependent on environmental variables like the frames of world and national economic conditions for business growth , the effect of inflation on the perceived value of wages ,traditions of local business culture and a particular nature of national employment markets. These variables have a macro effect on the utilization of human resources. Identifying the relationship between HRM and strategy is simpler in theory than in practise. Organisations may take a variety of approaches towards HR and strategy ,ranging from those which give no consideration whatsoever to human resources to some where HR becomes the driving force. The significant issue in HR strategy is that of consolidation with overall business strategy. The idea is to emphasize the need for human resource practitioners to achieve an understanding of how business strategies are formed.

Common Law Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Common Law Tort - Essay ExampleFairness (natural justice) was restored to common law by the caselaw of Ridge vs. Baldwin3.(W)hat the requirements of integrity demand from any body, domestic or administrative or judicial, has to make a decision which will affect the rights of individuals depends on the character of the decision qualification body, the kind of decision it has to make and the statutory or other framework in which it operates.4Negligence, definition and elements. At common law, there is liability for damage caused by unintentional but negligent acts or omissions. Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do.6In strict legal analysis, negligence means more than heedless or sloppy conduct, whether in omission or commission it properly connotes the complex concept of duty, breach and da mage thereby suffered by the person to whom the duty was owing. (1934)7According to Denning L.J.11, every(prenominal) the elements are really the same thing. What is being required by court as a matter of social policy is risk because when P is wound because of risk created by D, the latter (D) ought to be required by law to compensate the injured party (P). In effect, duty, proximate cause and remoteness continually run into each other they are simply ways of looking at the same thing.Two of the elements are itemual, namely cause - in - fact and damage, while duty of care, standard of care and remoteness are questions of law.Causa Sine Qua Non. Upon P is laid the burden of establishing each and every element in the required quantum of evidence. P is required to prove that the breach of which he complains caused the damage for which he claims12 and he does so by proving that but for the breach of duty he would not have suffered the damage. He moldiness prove such causation in bot h factual and legal aspects. The determination of factual causation comes in front that of legal causation.The causal connection between the act or omission constituting the breach of duty and the damage as a fact must be proven to exist and the But For test determines and establishes that an event constituting the negligence and another constituting the damage are in fact linked. In multiple possible causes, the claimant must prove that the defendants breach of duty caused

Research Program Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Program Proposal - Essay ExampleIt is say in there that in 1998, for every 100,000 youth in the United States ages 10 through 17, there were 1,751 arrests of juveniles for property offenses. (Frontline Juvenile Justice 2008)The problem grow from some cited causal factors. One is the loose responsibility of the educators of the proper education designed for minors. Research shows that there are 70% of juvenile delinquent was caused by educational disabilities (Wright & Wright 2007).The ineffectiveness of the educational system in a certain community is comparable to non-educational system at all. The knowledge and awareness in order of magnitude and morality that children should learned are not being effectively conveyed to them, thus the possibility to create socially-insensitive individual is in its highest possibility (Diekmann 2004).There are prior programs being implemented for the juvenile justice system to help resolve the social malady. In the United States, desig ned programs for juvenile justice system sidetrack from states, and universities concerns. The Juvenile Justice Role Model Program was a program established in 1995 that aims to discipline and emphasizes culture and academic diversity of the students.

Theoretical Perspective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theoretical Perspective - Research Paper Example regurgitate annihilaters usually use emails and video conferencing techniques for a two way communication with his team members. Apart from this, special 3D and 2D satellite images atomic number 18 use by project managers for detecting the areas of oil color spills and the working condition of the pumps. The manager then schedules the maintenance plan for the same. The oil and gas field can also be detected under the sea or on ground with 3D images of Stereo satellites. The companies are injecting the most advanced technologies to increase the dexterity of the workforce and also maximize the profit. Increasing use of these VPM tools is also helping the industry to decrease their operating expenses and this might also affect the price of oil and gases in the global market in future. Table of Contents Virtual Project Management 4 Virtual Project Management (VPM) Tools 4 VPM Tools in Oil Producing Environment 5 Current and Future A bilities for Project Implementation 6 Effect of New Technology on Projects and Members round the World 7 References 8 Virtual Project Management We often see that, the project teams are generally dispersed in many distinguishable locations of the world. The projects in MNCs are generally given to team, in which the members might be working from different parts of the world. Sometimes a single project is carried out by different companies. The geographically dispersed work or project is often called virtual projects. Virtual projects are called so because most of the communication regarding the project is done through email, video conferencing, telephone or using other forms of technology. The long distance communication methods and techniques are no longer expensive or prohibited. It helps the project managers to progress with his project team frequently and openly (Mantel, Meredith, & Shafer, 2006, p. 56). Virtual Project Management (VPM) Tools In Virtual Management, the whole te am is mainly depended upon the technological aspects. As such most of the work and decision making functions are undertaken through web-based technology such as internet. The tools that are utilise in virtual project watchfulness need to fit in the teams from all round the world. The main function that any VPM tool should have, is to allow the project team members to communicate with one other efficiently, as all the team member are in separate locations. Moreover, they might not have knowledge of each others prior work experiences. In this case communication becomes the only key for discussing and formulating plans regarding the project. Secondly, the tools should also allow the team members to collaborate in the virtual space. The tools should also help the project manager to manage the project functions, schedule the resources and also track the progress of the tasks. The VPM tools are usually web based applications, which are used to create schedules and assign tasks. The re sources and activities of team members are monitored and important documents are also exchanged through these tools. VPM Tools in Oil Producing Environment Virtual project management tools are very useful in the field of natural resources such as minerals, oil and gas. Since, these natural resources are usually found in remote areas, so technological tools play a very important role in detecting and planning out the projects. In such cases, satellite, and airborne remote sensing technology is often used to select the oil and gas

Contraception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Contraception - Essay ExampleReligion and culture plays an important role in following strict parameters for entering into the relationship. Unplanned pregnancy do not have a bright fate and may culminate into abortion which has serious repercussions at the later stages of life. Adopting contraceptive authority at the ahead of time stages of life is also against the ethics and nature as it disconnects sex from reproduction and bring serious health implications. Mass nation control is a frame of sterilization and it may lead to dishonest behavior, as the partners seek sexual relationship elsewhere. Therefore advocates against the contraceptive method finds it equivalent to abortion.On the other hand contraception provides the liberty to the women to control her own body and keep the population low. It keeps the family small and also prevents the unwanted pregnancies. Contraception aids in meliorate facilities for all the family members, they stomach devote quality time with each other and thereby contribute to the progress and development of the children. This prevents competition for food and space. It is the best means to control the population as every human beings moldiness bear ethics towards the planet and mother Earth, by giving birth to too many children the health of the female becomes a serious matter of great concern. Less children in the family lessens the financial burden and also the burden on the earning members to the family and parents could afford for better education and better life and facilities to their wards.It is the means which must gain ethical consideration as it is for the cognitive development of the family, the smallest unit of the society and hence of the society and the nation. It is a means that brings gender equality and aids in demographic advantage. It is a means that brings us close to the nature and prevent environmental hazards. Thus contraception must be promoted by the government of all the nations to save the envi ronment form burden which

DAG in Nephron Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DAG in Nephron - Research Paper showcasepathway that can be activated by many of the metabolic and hemodynamic factors involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (Schrijvers, Vriese & Flyvbjerg, 971).1) Bertorello, Alejandro M., Diacylglycerol activation of protein kinase C results in a dual effect on Na + ,K -ATPase activity from intact renal proximal tubule cells, Journal of Cell Science, (1992) 101, 343-347, September 4, 2010 from http//jcs.biologists.org/content/101/2/343.full.pdf2) Cerbon, Jorge & genus Rosa del Carmen Lopez-Sanchez, Diacylglycerol generated during sphingomyelin synthesis is involved in protein kinase C activation and cell proliferation in MadinDarby canine kidney cells, Biochemistry Journal, (2003) 373, 917-924, September 4, 2012 from http//www.biochemj.org/bj/373/0917/3730917.pdf4) Jung, Kwang-Mook et al, Diacylglycerol Lipase- and - Control Neurite Outgrowth in Neuro-2a Cells through Distinct molecular(a) Mechanisms, Molecular Pharmacology, (2011) 80.1, 60-67, September 4, 2010 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3127538/5) Nogaroli, Luciana et al, Diacylglycerol kinase activity in puried basolateral membranes of kidney tubules I. Evidence for coupling with phospholipase C, The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, (2005) 37, 79-90, September 4, 2010 from http//artigocientifico.uol.com.br/uploads/artc_1152842008_32.pdf6) Schrijvers, Bieke F., Vriese, An S. De & Allan Flyvbjerg, From Hyperglycemia to Diabetic Kidney unsoundness The Role of Metabolic, Hemodynamic, Intracellular Factors and Growth Factors/Cytokines, The Endocrine Society, (2004) 25.6, 971, September 4, 2012 from

Age Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Age Discrimination - Essay ExampleThis type of discrimination give the axe take many forms and behind surface in many workplace atomic number 18as. This paper highlights age discrimination, who it affects, where it is likely to surface, the laws constructed to prevent its occurrence, and also illustrates suggestions for todays HR managers to prevent this form of discrimination from occurring.Age discrimination has many definitions, but can be best described as a situation which occurs when older workers are avoided or excluded in everyday (business) activities because they are simply the wrong age (Nussbaum, 2000). Age discrimination also involves denying the provision of job opportunities to older workers, such(prenominal) as a career-based promotion, in favor of promoting a younger individual for the management role. Age discrimination, when it occurs, impacts both the more seasoned worker and the business as well. For instance, the older employee who is experiencing discrimina tion based on age will not only see diminished job opportunities, but their emotional well- cosmos can be impacted negatively. Despite the various legislation created to combat this growing form of discrimination, evidence suggests that age-related bias and discrimination is on the rise in modern business and in the broader society.According the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), age-bias claims have soared in novel years, which is attributed to todays economic conditions (Levitz and Shishkin, 2009). For instance, because many companies are currently looking for methods to reduce costs, lay-offs have become the cost-cutting choice when personnel and payroll costs begin to exceed salary and compensation budgets. In addition, recent changes to existing anti-discrimination laws have made it easier for laid-off employees to allege age bias as the rationale for why they lost their jobs (Levitz and Shishkin).However, why is the older worker being targeted for lay-offs over their younger,

Sources of Finance Essay Example for Free

Sources of Finance EssayIn this assignment, I am discharge to look at different ways to fall in a new start-up tune and as well for existing businesses who extremity to spread in the future. After reading this, you pull up s holds scam the costs of different commencements of pay and likewise their advantages and disadvantages. A source of finance is divided into two sections which atomic number 18 unequal bound and long term. Short term is often referred to belongings that is scoop outed for up to 12 months. Many businesses would pulmonary tuberculosis this to fund day to day activities such as utility bills or staff recompense etc. Long term is generally oer one year and customd for things such as buying property or expanding a business. In this assignment it is going to look at how existing businesses and new businesses provide call these types of dramatizeing as a source of finance.Long term financeOwners whopping(p) refers to the measurement of f unds the owner puts into the business themselves. This is regarded as long term finance as the bills allow for assuage with the business as long as it exists. This could be savings, money received in result of a redundancy payment or money left field to them in a go away. The advantage of this source is that it doesnt piddle any interest be do its the owners money so you dont need to pay anyone clog un resembling money box loans. In comparison to loans, this is generally to a greater extent than than than convenient because you dont need to worry more or less paying covering the bank and the interest evaluate. This source is more flexible than differents because there is no restriction on the money so the owner give the bounce spend it on whatever they like. However, the disadvantage of this would be if the business fails then you be likely to pull away your investment.It also comes with an opportunity cost. This is defined as what you could adjudge done with the m oney for example, you were going to use it to buy a house hardly you contribute it to starting up a business, this is the opportunity cost. If businesses do non contribute the owners capital then it is unlikely they will receive any loans from banks or other investors. This is because if you were an investor and you saw a business that isnt instinctive to take the risk and contribute their own money, you wouldnt invest your own money in them.Depending on how overmuch the owners capital is going to be, this terminate be mixed with bank loans to go towards a business start-up. For example, I am going to open a Chinese take up and invest 10,000 into the business but my priority is to buyutensils and refurbish the frameing. I could use my investment into refurbishing and since I contribute my own money I could repay a loan from the bank to buy my utensils. This source of finance is suitable for new businesses to get them up and running however it passel also be used for existin g businesses who want to expand.Venture capital is the money that is provided to businesses by investors. These investors be named post capitalists who could either be a group of wealthy individuals or a conjunction who make their money by investing on businesses. They are often seeking for new or growing businesses who they believe piddle potential and hope to develop them. There are some advantages for this source it is a good resource to new businesses especially for the ones who dont father much operating history so its harder for them to secure a bank loan. The money the accident capitalists contribute is unremarkably more than what banks are willing to lend. dividing linees are also interested in but the contacts these wealthy plurality demand which could help their business expand in many different ways.For example, in Dragons Den, Peter Jones offers 50 000 to a business for 50% of the company which is 25% more than what the business was prepared to give away howe ver with Peter cosmos a wealthy and respectable entrepreneur they gave him what he wanted. They believe Peter has the contacts which could help their business expand rapidly. If a business could secure a venture capital, it is more beneficial than a bank loan because there are no interest order however the disadvantage is you risk losing some independency to the investors.They calcu latish how much money they are willing to invest and the percentage by considering the risk and reward. Usually, a new business is considered luxuriously risk because they progress to limited operating history but if they are believed to impart potential then the investors will ask for a high percentage of the business for it to carry out a high lollyable reward. It is likely the venture capitalists will make decisions for the company. If businesses are willing to sacrifice part of their business then this source is recommended because it could ex ladder the company.Bank loans are regarded as long term finance because the money basis be borrowed up to 25 years or longer in some circumstances. All loans bewilder aninterest rate attached to them. The interest rate is often calculated by how much the business borrows. The more you borrow the more interest you are going to pay. For example, if I borrow 9000 from Barclays bank, I will be charged 4.3% APR whereas if I borrow 30000 I will be charged at 6.9% APR. It could affect your loan if the interest judge go up so more businesses take out a loan on a fixed rate of interest where they wont be charge any extra costs if the interest rates increase. If a versatile rate loan is taking out, the interest rates brush off change which makes it harder to manage finance. Bank loans could be used by new and existing businesses a new business brush aside use it to buy equipment and an existing business could use it to expand the company for example, buying new premises.An existing business will tend to be able to borrow more than a ne w business. This is because they have been operating for longer and banks generally find them more reputable. If these companies wish to borrow an excessive sum of money then extra security is needed to ensure the money is paid back. Often banks will ask the business to use their property as a security for the loan. It means if the business fails then the bank could recover the money from moveing their property. This is usually referred as a spot mortgage. Most businesses use this source to their advantage because it is convenient and the money could be borrowed for a lengthy period.For some businesses, it could be looked at as a break out option than securing a venture capital because you arent losing a share of the business for money but you also have decision on where the money could be spend you have more independency with the money. The disadvantage is the interest rate could be quite high whereas if an owners capital was available, a repayment is not necessary. Also, if you r business fails and you have taken out a second mortgage you could lose your property. Generally, bank loans work out quite valuable in the long run however it is a good way to raise finance for your business.A mortgage is a loan used for purchase a property and could be paid back in the space of 25 years or sometimes more. The property then becomes the borrowers corroboratory which needs to be paid off as they agreed with the lenders. If there is a failure of payment then the lenders ass repossess the property and shift it at an auction to recover the money. This source is common for two new and existing businesses that need a mortgage for theirwork premises. The advantage of mortgages is the fact they are usually more manageable and affordable than renting because the repayments are spread out over a lengthy period.This also depends on the type of the property and other factors such as location and price. Here is an example, in 2008, house prices dropped in Northern Ireland therefore buying a house was cheaper. In addition, acquiring a mortgage was easier and cheaper than renting. Also, once you have paid off your mortgage, you own the property and it could be worth far more than what you paid for it. Often, interest rates on mortgages are lower than a loan because the property is used as collateral. Mortgages fall into two primary(prenominal) categories fixed rate and various rates. flash-frozen rate is where the interest stays the same over a number of years and various rate means the interest give notice change.This source also comes with many disadvantages it is not as flexible as renting because if you want to move out of the property, it is not as easy as contributecelling a crush with your landlord, you will have to transmit the property which can be difficult. Maintenance is one of the problems for instance, if the roof leaks you will have to fix it yourself whereas a rented property it can be repaired for you. The main disadvantage is t hat you have to keep up with your repayments or you can end up losing your property.For example, during the credit crunch there was many people made redundant and therefore they struggled to make repayments so their house was repossessed. Although the interest rate is lower on mortgages, it does carry high risk as you are repaying over a long period of time. For a new business it would be advisable to start off with a bank loan to comprise a steady flow of finance into a business before considering a mortgage.Retained profits are defined as capital which is unbroken in the business. The owner(s) can decide what they want to do with the companies profits. This could be for personal use, paid out to shareholders as a dividend or withdrawn as takings for sole traders also known as owners drawings. If the owner decides not to touch this money it is referred to as ploughing back the profits or organic growth. This is regarded as important long term finance but only relates to existing businesses. There are many advantages of retain profits the money which is left in the business rather than paid out as a dividend is the opportunity cost for shareholders. The moneyis reinvested and helps the company expand and could be used for buying new equipment or machinery.It is an advantageous source of finance because it doesnt have any interest rates attached. It also has a lot of flexibility because the company has control of what is left in the business and what is paid out to dividends. This source of finance has some disadvantages. It could lead to the company get criticized for restricting the value of dividends and holding on too much money for the business. If retained profits dont result in higher profit then it could cause arguments amongst shareholders and you risk losing them. The shareholders may think the money would be better in their own hands rather than the business. In order to use this source accordingly, you must maintain good relationships with the shareholders and show that the business has potential to succeed. This is highly recommended for existing businesses because as long as the company exist sequence making profits, money will be reinvested each day and it could help with the growth of the business.Selling assets is a common source of long term finance for an existing business. An asset is categorized as any item owned by a business or individual which could range from land to machinery. Business may sell some assets because they have no further need for them. By selling assets the company can raise money to fund other projects. For example selling a JCB digger because there is limited work on in the construction site and it is taking up too much valuable space. These assets can turn into silver which could help the business with advertising or paying off debts. Often businesses sell a successful part of their business to another firm because they believe there is a declining market for their product or service. Whi le it is still going good they will sell this in order to use the money to expand in a new and growing market.The advantage of selling an asset is you get your money back straight away. Generally, this is a cheaper source of financing your business unlike bank loans where you have to worry about the high interest rates. For many, selling an asset is a good way to reduce or eliminate debt. Although, this seems like a convenient method, the cost of selling assets must be considered. In some cases, you wont receive full market value for the goods but this depends on how quick you want to sell them. The assets could grow in value faster than what you can yieldwith the cash and also it could come with tax consequences. This means if you buy an asset and later sell it on for profit, you could be landed with what is called Capital Gains impose.You could end up with less money than you expected. This financing source well-nighly applies to existing businesses because they would have built more assets than new businesses starting up and would most likely have more debt on their hands. For new businesses, getting a bank loan or owners capital would be more suitable. Overall this is a recommended source of finance for existing businesses as it carries little risk in the procedure. This benefits a lot of businesses because they are usually selling something they no longer require, in order to use the money on something which can help their company grow or eliminate debt. For example, you are investing on a delivering service for your company and plan to get a loan for a van. Your warehouse has several forklifts so you would plan to sell one in order to buy a van. To conclude, you arent losing money because you are using the money from the asset to start a new service to expand your business. grant capital is the capital of a company divided into equal measurings known as shares. There are two companies which share capital relate to which are private limited companies, (LTDs) or public limited companies (PLCs). In a private limited company, these shares are often change to family firms but could be sold to family and friends. However, if they want to issue shares, they must go through an agreement with all the shareholders. On the other hand, a public limited company can sell shares on a stock exchange to members of the public. This means anyone could buy shares which results in them having a wider source of capital. A new business is usually classed as a private limited company and may have as little as two shareholders. However, if they expand over time and cannot issue any more shares they might consider about becoming a public limited company. This process is known as floating the business which has to go through a number of administrative and legal procedures.A public limited company can raise more because they can sell their shares on the stock exchange. If they want to expand their business but need 100 million then they can sell 100 milli on shares at the stock exchange for 1 each. This needs to come with a prospectus which is rattling important because it gives the investors a betterunderstanding of the company before they commit to buying shares. You will tend to find information such as how the business is managed, what does the business specialist in, etc. Businesses often use the services of a merchant bank such as Morgan Stanley or Merrill Lynch who specialize in share floatation. This means if all shares are not sold, they will buy them so the business can still raise the money they need. This is a type of insurance policy and you can imagine the cost it has attached to it.Share capital is attractive and very helpful in raising long term finance for both new and existing businesses. The main advantages are you will have commitment from your shareholders because like the owner they also want to see the business succeed. In monetary value where a plc becomes successful then they will most likely sell more shar es to the public. However, if there comes a time when they want to raise more money, they can issue cheaper shares to existing shareholders through a rights issue. If the company is doing well, and needs money for expansion, this is a quick and cheap way of raising finance. In comparison to loans, this source is cheaper all you have to do is pay the shareholders their dividends each year sooner of repaying high interest on bank loans.This financing source is similar to venture capital if you have the right business angels and venture capitalist, they can found useful contacts, valuable skills and experience to your company. This could help with business strategy planning, new products ideas or expansion plans. Although, there are some disadvantages too. Depending on the investor, you may lose some independency of the decision making in your business.For a potential investor to want a share of your business they will want to see reports and forecasts of the company you may have to provide information for the investor(s) to monitor. This can be time consuming and may take management focus away from core business activities. Overall, share capital is a secure way to raise finance for your company. The money which is invested will stay within the company as long as the company exists and if it is a growing company then it could get a good reputation selling shares through the stock exchange.Short term financeA Bank overdraft is when someone makes an agreement with the bank to spendmore than what they have in their account but the money will need to be paid back. This type of borrowing is common for both new and existing businesses that experience cash flow problems. The money a business receives from sales and the amount they spend is called cash flow. There are two types of overdrafts authorized and unauthorized. An authorized overdraft is where you are allowed to borrow up to a limit agreed with the bank. An unauthorized overdraft is where you are exceeding yo ur authorized overdraft limit or going below zero in your account without agreeing on an overdraft facility this should be countermanded at all costs. This source of finance does carry an interest rate but only for the amount overdrawn and the length of time overdrawn. For example, if an overdraft facility allows you to borrow up to 5000 you need 3000 on the maiden July to pay rent until you get a payment of 4000 from a customer on the 4th July, you will only be charged interest rates on the 3000 for 4 days you borrowed. Some banks will charge a fee for customers to use this facility.A bank overdraft is suitable for companies that need the money for a short period of time whether its for paying staff wages or utility bills. Although, they must ensure they have money coming in to cover the cost of the overdraft as it can carry high interest rates usually higher than bank loans. It can help avoid cheques bouncing and returned direct debit. This is where there are insufficient funds in the account to make a payment. If this happens, the business will have to pay bank charges and it can also damage relationships with suppliers as they will see the business as untrustworthy and they may not want to supply them with any more stock. The main advantage of a bank overdraft is the fact that is there when you need it and doesnt cost anything (except for a small fee). You only need to borrow what you need.It can also help maintain the cash flow within the company and allows the business to make essential payments while chasing their own payments. There are many disadvantages too, as mentioned before overdrafts can carry higher interest rates than bank loans which make them expensive for long term financing. In some cases, you may have to secure your business assets to get an overdraft and failing to make repayments can risk you losing your assets.The main disadvantage and probably most important one is, if you find yourself going over the overdraft limit it would be cl assed as an unauthorized overdraft where you will be charged high interest rates and bank charges. If thebusiness keeps using over their limit, it could damage their reputation with banks although they can get the limit raised but this is not advisable. If this is done repeatedly the banks will assume the business has financial issues and they can refuse further use of the overdraft service. This source of finance is useful if lending short term but a business should never rely on it. mete out credit is the time given to a business from the supplier to pay for their stock. It is used in business to business (B2B) transactions. Trade credit is usually 30 days although this can be different depending on the organization. If you agreed 30 days credit with your supplier, you can sell the stock and have the money in your bank account before you pay the supplier. This means you are getting an interest free loan for 30 days. Usually small suppliers cull to sell their products only to one big company instead of many small companies this makes payments more manageable. An example is Cravendale farm only sells their milk to Asda so they will get one invoice from them at the end of the credit period. This is better than having multiple invoices from different supermarkets which can make cash flow more difficult. However, big companies like Asda often use this to their advantage and pay the supplier back late.They usually get away with this because Cravendale farm know Asda are their only customers so they cannot afford to lose them. Trade credit is a very important source of finance and has many advantages. It does not carry any interest rates therefore it is better than using bank overdraft. It can save you from spending money in your account to buy stock and with that money you can use it elsewhere in the business. For new businesses it may be hard to get trade credit because they have limited operating history but if they cop around they might find a supplier that w ill offer them a small credit limit to begin with.If they can make payments on time and prove to the suppliers they are reliable then it is possible the credit limit will increase. However the downfall of this source is, if you do not pay the supplier back on time you will get a bad reputation in the industry. If you constantly make late payments then the suppliers can withdraw this facility and ask for cash payments. It will also be hard for you to get new suppliers because they may be aware of your reputation of late payments this should beavoided at all costs. Trade credit is a good source of finance being interest free and it can help you build good credit history. This will be useful for getting bank loans or using the overdraft facility.Business credit cards are useful for short term borrowing. It is similar to using trade credit. If you pay for goods with a credit card, you will receive a statement once a month with the amounts washed-out in the last month. You will be given a time to pay for what you spent. If the amount is paid off in full you wont have to pay any interest charges. Although, you do have the alternative of paying a minimum amount in which case you will have to pay interest on the remaining amount owed. This source of finance is recommended for new businesses as it gives them time to receive money from sales before they have to pay their expenses. It is also a good option for existing businesses but new businesses will tend to use it more to their advantage because it helps to maintain their cash flow and makes it easier for them to get started.An example of this source is if I have just opened a Chinese take away then I can use my business credit card to buy stock. Once I have sold all my stock and I can pay the amount in full then I will get an interest free loan. Business credit cards have some advantages. It helps track purchases because you will get a statement each month which shows what the business has spent money on. You can g et interest free credit if you pay the equipoise by the due date. With a business credit card being so convenient it does have its disadvantages. The card can be fixed with high interest rates and if you make late payments or failure to make a payments it can resolve in the interest rate to rise.This can have a significant impact on the companies credit history and rating. This source is very useful although you should avoid making late payments because if you constantly have debt on the credit card, it can cost the business more money by paying interest rates. You will have to clear all debt before you can take advantage of the interest free credit again. You should always make payments on time to take advantage of this source. Failure to make payments can cause the business to get bad credit which means it will be harder to use other borrowing facilities in the future such as bank loans and it can harm the businesses reputation.A business should take full advantage of trade credi t and credit cards for short term financing. They are both very similar and suitable for new and existing businesses. However, I recommend using trade credit over credit cards because repayments are more flexible to a supplier than to a bank. I mean if you pay your credit card bills late you will be charged with interest but some suppliers are flexible with their payment and they can possibly excuse a late payment. Although, you should always try to make payments on time to avoid damaging company reputation and having bad credit history. Retained profits are considered to be a cheaper source of finance than bank loans and mortgages.It is the best option available to help an existing company expand because it doesnt carry any interest rates which means more capital for the business. If the business fails later taking out a bank loan and they cant repay the loan, they can destroy their credit rating, making it difficult or unsurmountable to get loans in the future. If retained profi ts are used and the business fails then it is just the companies investment that will be lost. For a new business, venture capital is considered to be the best source of long term finance. It is not only the investors money that is important but their skills and experience is crucial and could be the difference between a successful business and an unsuccessful one.If you are planning to start up your own business you need an owners capital in order to secure a bank loan. Once the business starts operating it will be able to secure higher loans and take advantage of the retained profits. The retained profits can help the company expand without carrying any interest rates meaning more capital for the business. Trade credit comes in when the business is set up and you want to start selling products. You should shop around and find a good supplier that will offer you this source and if its used appropriately you will find it very convenient. These sources should help you succeed in your business.Investopedia. (2014) Opportunity Cost. available at http//www.investopedia.com/terms/o/opportunitycost.asp Barclays. (2014) Your Loan Options. operable at http//www.barclays.co.uk/Loans/P1242557963420 Money Supermarket. (2014)Advantages and disadvantages of mortgages. Available at http//www.moneysupermarket.com/mortgages/advantages-and-disadvantages/ Gov.uk. (2014) Business finance explained. Loans. Available at https//www.gov.uk/business-finance-explained/loans Tutor2u. (2012) Source of Finance Retained Profits. Available at http//tutor2u.net/business/finance/retained_profit.html eHow. (2014) Advantages and disadvantages of sale of assets. Available at http//www.ehow.co.uk/info_8615419_advantages-disadvantages-sale-assets.html Tutor2u. (2012) What is share capital? Available at http//www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/business-studies/comments/qa-what-is-share-capital NI Business Info. (2014) Advantages and disadvantages of equity finance. Available at https//www.nibusines sinfo.co.uk/content/advantages-and-disadvantages-equity-finance Wikipedia. (2014) Trade Credit. Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_credit Biz Help 24. (2014) Overdraft finance Advantages and disadvantages. Available at http//www.bizhelp24.com/money/business-finance/overdraft-finance-advantages-and-disadvantages.html Gov.uk (2014) Business finance explained. Overdrafts. Available at https//www.gov.uk/business-finance-explained/overdrafts Money Supermarket. (2014) Advantages and disadvantages of credit cards. Available at http//www.moneysupermarket.com/credit-cards/advantages-and-disadvantages/ Go Compare. (2014) Beginners guide to credit cards. Available at http//www.gocompare.com/credit-cards/credit-cards-explained/

Petitions of African Chiefs Essay Example for Free

Petitions of African Chiefs Essay1. When the slave trade was abolished in certain regions of Africa, the Africans were forced to find other alternative sources of livelihood such as submission in a legitimate trade of shipping various products. Instead of selling human beings as merchandise, the Africans accepted the spirit trade when it was introduced by the Europeans. However, when the timber trade did not succeed, they turned to growing and exporting ground nuts and when this too did not come through, the Africans resorted to palm oil trading the subject of male monarch Ockiyas letter to the Earl of Derby. 2. Since the abolition of the African slave trade, Africans having been trying to find other sources of income and livelihood. Among such is the valued palm oil which they collected from the hinterlands. However, greedy British traders wanted to bypass them and go directly to the source of these valued commodity. Hence, the African leaders were asking the British to let them have their own source of livelihood, idle of intervention from the Europeans who were already encroaching on their trading posts thereby stopping the African trade completely. The petitions and demands of the African leaders show how powerful the Europeans are that change surface building huts or places of abode are considered taxable. N angiotensin-converting enzymetheless, these ruthlessness of the Europeans paved the way for the Africans to wake up and saw all of these as an assault to their customs, livelihood and traditions.Lins Letter to Queen Victoria1. The rise of the opium trade in China according to Lin has poisoned and injured its people. The laws of the country have been disregard in lieu of the temptations and addiction of the opium drug.1. Lin tries to convince Queen Victoria to stop the opium trade by appealing to their conscience and strict morality. He tries to emphasize that since opium is forbidden in Britain and brings harm to the British people, the Quee n must condemn it as well especially its importation. As Lin proudly said, China has only exported things that are beneficial to the people and opium is not one of them.By giving the impression that China only exports things that are beneficial, from which the world has undoubtedly benefited, Lin thinks that Queen Victoria and the rest of Britain might be convinced of his argument. However, the bill of Lins letter is also threatening whereby he gives the appearance that China in consonance with its laws will not hesitate to execute anyone caught selling and development the prohibited drug. Hence, the response of the British will naturally be to disregard Lin and his contention, even get angry at such preposterousness.

Way of preserving your wine Essay Example for Free

Way of preserving your fuddle EssayAs a booze importer, educator and wine writer, I loll around asked time and again- how long preempt I keep undrunk bottle of wine once it is clear? and what is crush method for preserving half drunk wine? apiece and every time I have answered the questions to questionnaires, today I felt like writing about the shipway of preserving half drunk wine that potful remain fresh and drinkable for several days after opening the bottle. We often completely drink a bottle of wine once it is opened since we socialize a glass or two with family and friends and it gets completely drink. Once wine is completely finished drinking, there is no concern about preserving stay wine that was purchased for expensive price. Usually, that is the case in Nepalese securities industry. However, in some occasions, we have some undrunk wine and we want to keep it for prospective consumption solely we know that it gets undrinkable in couple of days later and do nt know how to preserve it. I have seen people looking for ways of preserving undrunk wine as fresh as possible for several days later consumption entirely they have reported that wasnt the case more than than often.It is regrettable and disappointing to see such a good bottle of wine go wasted. Dont worry, we have several solutions to our problem and cod whichever we find wanton, cost sound and appropriate. Below are tried tested several ways preserving our wine as fresh as possible for at least next five days 1) Argon bodge preservation method This method of preserving half drunk wine is very simple and hands-down however, unavailability of argon gas in Nepal we couldnt apply this method at the time of writing this article. Hope demand for this gas increases in future and we could import or create in Nepal.Usually Argon gas comes in bottle with pressurised one way valve system. Simply release pressurised argon gas inside the half drunk wine bottle for three to four second an d close your wine bottle with cork or other slip of cud. Keep your wine bottle inside the fridge or outside in room temperature wine remains fresh for next 3-4 days. Longer it buttocks keep if wine has good quality wine which needs oxidization after opening the bottle. 2) Transfer Method There is cost effective, quick and easy way of preserving our undrunk wine is transferring remaining wine in smaller bottle.Transferring wine in smaller bottle prevents wine coming to contact with oxygen therefore, we can remain fresh for several days. The main enemy of wine spoilage is oxygen coming in contact with wine and being terms called oxidized. Once wine bottle is opened and few glass of wine is drunk, oxygen sits in empty space of the bottle. In later time, oxygen comes in contact with wine and wine gets oxidized and becomes undrinkable. For preventing wine from oxidization, transferring remaining wine from bigger bottle in smaller bottle prevent the wine to be as fresh as the day it w as opened.This method is most practical and cost effective for regular wine drinkers at home or in the restaurants. 3) Using Coravin method Coravin method is the technique of taking required amount of wine out of bottle without taking cork out. With this method, an innovative maneuver is employ for injecting wine by inserting syringe type of device which penetrates through cork and helps to take required amount of wine out of bottle. As we take wine out of the bottle, argon gas gets injected in the bottle for filling empty space.Caravin method is applied for very expensive wines which can be drunk petty(a) by little for longer period of time. Usually, wine is expensive and we dont want the wine to go off in any cost. This device in not available in Nepal and it is very expensive purchase. 4) Using Shielder Wine Shielder is type of innovative round think goal that is dropped inside the bottle which sits on top of surface of wine, separating wine from empty space in the bottle. Wi ne Shielder basically prevents oxygen coming in contact with remaining wine inside the bottle so that wine doesnt get oxidized.The shield is assorted with nitrogen which floats on top of wine inside the bottle preventing oxygen coming in contact with wine. Wine Shielders are very hard to find in wine accessory stores but can be often purchased online. The Shielder is costly and it cant be reused. 5) Using make clean method This method is very simple, cost effective and easy to use too. A vacuum method is the practice of taking oxygen out of half empty wine bottle using vacuum pump that are available for purchase in wine stores.After drinking whatever amount of wine, simply place the one way valve stopper and using vacuum pump to take air out. Also there are types of vacuum pumps available which do take air out from bottle as well as work as cork or stoppers. They serve two purposes. Vacuum pumps are available in Nepalese market and the devices are reasonably well priced. Lets hope from now on, we dont need to worry about spoilage of our unfinished sexual love wine. We believe, despite of many constraints, we have illustrated few simple solutions that can be applied at home with very little cost.Those who are passionate of attempt to drink different type of wine every day and need for preserving remaining wine as fresh as first glass drunk, it is best to use high tech method such as Coravin method. Finally, buy screw capped bottle wine so you could put cap congest after drinking your desired amount. It is cost effective and easy way for preserving the wine for few days. Note All Mark Davidson wine available in Nepal are screw capped and can stay fresh for next five days after opening the bottle. Look for the same bottle and kick down us a feedback. Drink for good health.

Methodologies For Ecommerce And Web Systems Information Technology Essay

Methodologies For Ecommerce And Web Systems Information Technology EssayThis paper introduces package developing methodologies (SDM) and compargons common chord progresses that are suitable for an e-commerce agreement. The three approaches of SDM selected in this paper were based on the proliferation of electronic network based training system or e-commerce. Since the popularity and commercialisation of the Internet in the 1990s, computer parcel development has been evolving and brought new slipway of doing and building parcel using the electronic network technology environment and tools available.Software development methodology was popularised by the packet development life oscillation (SDLC) for building instruction systems in the late 60s. Currently, modern and advanced software tools are being apply to exploit the rich resources of the Internet in building systems. The web now offers more complex, distributed, concurrent and connected applications (Surcel, 2 009). Web information systems exploit web applications and different non-web components to deliver information and services to other systems and users via the Internet. Traditional SDLC methodologies can still be utilize in building e-commerce and web applications for the Internet. However, the traditional SDLC approach may not work for different heading oriented figure methodology for the web,like web site digit methododlogy (WSDM), relatioshipship navigational analysis, MacWeb approach, hypermedia flexible modelling, and other object oriented and software engineering pattern approach (Masrek,et.al, 2008). As the web inti on the wholey first baseed from static pages and eventually to a more high-voltage and complex rich information and transaction based application, the software development helpes and methodolgies present greater challenges and opportunities to software developers.2. Software Development Methodologies in that location have been a lot of software developmen t methodologies investigated by look intoers of software systems in the past four decades. Elliott (2004) considered the SDLC as the oldest formalised model for building information systems. According to Silberberg (2006) these prescriptive process models bring efficacious structure to software development work and provide a roadmap for software teams. The prescriptive models include the waterfall model, incremental process models, rapid application design (RAD), spiral model, and concurrent development models. supple processes for software development are focused more on the early delivery of software and node satisfaction. or so of the web-based applications like e-commerce have characteristics that are network intensive, and have a high level of concurrency that is right for sprightly process models. Agile process models inlcude extreme programming, adaptive software development (ASD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), scrum, crystal, and mobile modelling (Silberb erg, 2006).2.1 The Software Development Methodologies in E-commerceSurcel (2009) suggests that IT professionals, web designers, IT managers and executives and all involved in the e-commerce software development must understand how to apply software engineering concepts for e-commerce systems, for better integrate their software with the needs of their business. IT professionals need to establish a methodology that resolves all the problems of e-business applications. Software developers, who understand the concepts of analysis, architecture and design, will have the success in developing the e-commerce systems. The traditional SDLC is not enough to view the job done in e-commerce systems. Building information system is far more different with e-commerce systems because there are distinctive characteristic of the web application like creative design, advertising, selling concepts and software engineering (Surcel, 2009).According to Coda et.al (1998) The web infrastructure is going beyond the mere distribution of information and services towards the development of platform for generic distributed applications in the world-wide setting. This promising scenario is endangered by the weakness of the current methodologies that give the development of web-based applications.In terms of user participation towards the development of e-commerce applications Fraternali (1999) suggested that applications for the Internet is oftentimes(prenominal) domains as e-commerce .... are characterized by an unprecedented mix of features that makes them radically different from previous applications. Terry and Standing (2004) added to this challenge that e-commerce development faces the same demands and jeopardys as either other application development envisions. However, the intimate connection of users, customers, vendors and suppliers in the development process makes it more difficult and distinguishing the identity of the users who will the system is larger in scale since it considers the world at large.With the advent of Web 2.0, social networking and media, innovative approach of doing software development methodologies are needed in order to validate the needs of the growing interests of users on the Internet that is not just doing online transactions but consuming most of the applications and services beyond what is being offered by e-commerce.2.2 Agile MethodologiesAgile methodologies are the high hat candidates for e-commerce systems that incorporate the innovative and dynamic nature of the web. Agile web development is a development model for web applications that acquire the same concept as the agile methodologies. This approach is more efficient and powerful to ensure every piece of functionality is delivered early in the development set up and improves throughout the life of the web application.Agile web development has the following characteristics according to Clark (2008)Iterative and incremental development methods that is aimed to deliver the application at shorter level of timeThe production progress is measured based on the complete and riddleed features during the schedule release of the applicationTasks are broken d aver into littler increments that make it more adaptable to some changesA working application is the principal measure of the development progress.This methodology follows planning, requirements analysis, designing, coding, testing and documentation in couple during the stage of production process. Customer involvement during the development process by getting their feedback improves the confidence of making changes, error free, and customer-oriented approach.Agile web methodologies also blind the following approaches that are presented in this paper feature driven development (FDD), adaptive software development (ASD), and dynamic systems development method (DSDM).2.3 Feature determined Development (FDD)FDD is a model-driven short-iteration process that consists of five activities was e xpound by Luca (no date) as patterns of shape that brings success. The five basic activities of FDD areDevelop an overall model described as the high-level walkthrough of the scope of the system. These are smooth of meta-models that are pieces of the model in the domain and combined to form an overall model based on the consensus of the peer review and discussion of the development team.Build a feature list are the ideas generated from the overall model and decomposing the domain into subject areas.Plan by feature is using the list from the second activity to produce the development plan.Design by feature is a design package made from the deuce-ace activity.Build by feature is the task that generated the completed client-valued function state.According to (Martin, 2003), FDD can be used in web development. However, web development covers a lot of examine types and it is dependent to the nature of the project where FDD can be applied. The solventive way to get the development pr ocess done right is to start it with the FDD approach. FDD understands, embraces, and accepts software construction as a human activity. Process is needed, as is technology, but it is knowing of where to specify what should be done and where what to do. That is the essense of a well-bounded process in recognition of people and thier role in software construction projects, and knowing what needs to be written d bear (as a process) versus what ius simply delegated to the right role. The patterns of play that brings success (Luca, no date). Almost all projects can use FDD regardless of the size and technology. Defining and mapping the features in a web development project can be described into requirements and specifications. The requirement should establish the concise project objective that put everything in place. Then document the specifications that defines the project itslef like, interaction design (frontend and backend), page flow and logic, page wireframes, database schema, cl ass diagrams, and feature list. Features can be described as the the view/add/edit/delete functionality relevant to the users/customer needs. The features are mapped according to the interactions of the screen design. Technical implementation where a specific technology is used to describe business logic of model-view-controller (MVC) to separate data and layers of the port wine (Martin, 2003).2.4 Adaptive Software Development (ASD)ASD software development approach use the continuous adaptation and learning that described the dynamic speculate-collaborate-learn life regular recurrence (Highsmith, 2000a). ASD approach is dedicated to constant change, re-evaluation, and collaboration among all members of the development team and clients. The conceptual notion of ASD was based of complex adaptive systems (CAS) that is designed for complex, high-speed, high-change, and uncertain projects. The change-oriented life cycle has a direct relation to speculate-collaborate-learn concept. Spec ulate is to have a brighten realization of understanding the plan. Speculation is recognizing the uncertainty of the problem that needs to be explored. collaboration is the giving richness to teamwork that encompasses the development team, customers, suppliers, vendors, and others that is directly and indirectly involved in the process. Learning is the product of acknowledging the course and the result of the development process. The learning process is test of knowledge and can be derived from the organizational practices, being committed and adaptive to retrospective and focus group discussions.According to (Arthur, 1996) ASD addresses the economy of increasing returns. The Internet and the dosage com markets are characterized by the high-speed, high-change economy(Arthur, 1996). This approach makes the market unpredictable and unplanned developmental process in the normal or traditional way of controlling the project (Riehle, 2001).CAS model as described by (Highsmith,2000a) i n software development that explain the world of agents, environment, and emergence is translated to the development organization as the environment members as agents and the product as the emergent result of competition and cooperation within the uncertain and unpredictable world of software development (Riehle, 2001).ASD lifecycle has six characteristics mission focused, component based, iterative, timeboxed, risk driven, and change tolerant (Highsmith, 2000b).In e-commerce projects mission focused projects are guided by the boundaries of the mission statements. Application components are the result that defines the group features. During the iteration cycle the components are developed and the documentation are deliverables which are secondary to the software feature that is needed by the client. Timeboxing are deadlines or fixed delivery multiplication for the iterative processes and project itself. Then this is analysed according to the risks associate during the adaptive cycle s. Change tolerance is the ability to view and incorporate change in the process that sequester advantage of the make it more error-free and compliant with the set requirements (Highsmith, 2000b).2.5 Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)DSDM is a model that has the resemblance of project management. This model is the convergence of software development and process engineering that makes DSDM a good tool for complex problem solving (Voigt, 2004). DSDM is the best approach for projects that are charcterised by tight schedules and budgets. It is composed of three phases pre-project, project life-cycle, and post-project phase. The project life cycle has five stages that includes feasiblity study, business study, functional model iteration,design and build iteration, and implementation. Other software methodologies can be used and allowed to mix with the DSDM practices.The DSDM nine principles are essential in any type of software project and departure from any of the nine principle s will have a significant risk of failure. The nine principles are 1 agile user involvement is imperative 2 teams must be empowered to make decisions 3 focus on haunt delivery 4 fitness for business is criterion for accepted deliverables 5 iterative an dincremnetal development is mandatory 6 all changes during the development must be reversible 7 requirements are baselined at higher-level 8 testing is integrated throughout the lifecycle 9 collaborative and co-operative approach (Voigt, 2004). To make DSDM successful the nine principles should be followed and the interactivity with the project team, end user as well as the higher management should be realised. Finally, DSDM projects should be decomposed into smaller parts to use iterative approach. Recommended core techniques for DSDM are timeboxing, MoSCoW (Must have, Should have, Could have, Want to have), prototyping, workshop, modelling, and configuration management (Voigt, 2004). cite success factors based on the DSDM experince s of its members from the DSDM consortium are compiled and was published. Most of the key success factors are pointing to leadership and executive responsibilities, that reflects the advance corporate culture that should be practiced. More importantly, acceptance of the DSDM nine principles, commitment of senior management, incremental delivery, esy access by developers and end-users,stability of the team,size and development team skills, development of technology, and lastly supportive commercial relationship (DSDM consortium, 2010).3. MethodologyThis study adopted an exploratory approach and search of available published articles and journals on the Internet on the theme of agile software methodologies in e-commerce and web systems. Literature review, pot methods and illustration studies were selected from the pool of articles and journals. An exemplar of the agile software methodology and its application to e-commerce and web systems was also presented to define the advantages and disadvantages of the selected methodology.3.1 Literature canvassAgile software development returned 1.8 million searched items in Google and 57,200 in Google scholar. The rich resources of agile methodology have been exploited in the 90s and until the present saturation of Internet, e-commerce and web systems.According to Meso and Jain (2006) agile software development methodologies allow organisations to rapidly evolve systems, primarily the Internet and web software development. ASD must be considered in heavy weight methodologies rather than integrating and hacking approaches.Successful web development methodologies (Bauer 2005) are going agile and are best suited to FDD. Bauer was able to get FDD working in his several web development projects and refine the process to come up with successful approach that worked effectively from his experience. His high-level overview of FDD was described in his article that successfully launched completed web projects ranging in size from 2 weeks to 6 months (Bauer 2005).For DSDM (Voigt, 2004) reason out that the model is straight forward based on the best practices, strength in simplicity, extendibility, and has proven successful work in the past and albeit not a solution for all projects. The disadvantages, like other structured methodology has a high barrier to entry, significant cultural paradigm shift is not as fast and cheap.3.2 SurveysThe investigation survey that was conducted by Silberberg (2006) suggests that some applications of agile methodologies were used as a tool to speed up the development process that was being developed under prescriptive approach for organisations that developed their own software. The organisation groups surveyed was in financial services, mining, healthcare, communications, transport and construction that have heavy weight use of software development and the build versus buy approach. DSDM was identified in use in the construction sector, where cost effective and rapid relevan t results were needed by most of its users.Another survey made by Lim and Venable (2001) is the web information system survey usage by the Australian Web Site consultants reported that low methodology usage when it comes to applying any web information system methodology. This survey failed to present the value of formal development methodologies.Information systems development in Australia as reported in a survey (Dawson and Gibson, 2007) concluded that there is an increasing research activity and the growing interest in the area of software development methodologies primarily in web-based development, including portal and intranet development.Shine Technologies (2003) conducted an online world(prenominal) survey about agile methodologies to measure the interest of several organisations using the said approach. The survey consisted of 10 questions using closed-ended questions. The survey was available from the Shine Technologies website from November 2002 to January 2003. The surv ey results highlighted the following lower costs better productivity better quality and better business satisfaction. Most of the respondents, 95% of them are in favour of the agile methodologies. The most used agile methodologies are the Extreme Programming (XP) with 59%, followed by FDD, scrum and others.3.3 Case StudyDSDM Case study (DSDM consortium, 2010) presents several case studies that were used by organisations dealing with software development activities.A sample case from the DSDM case study The National Packaging Waste Database (NPWD) is an online system that tracks how much packaging has been put into the UK market and much packaging waste has been recover and recycled (DSDM consortium, 2010). This project was able to utilise DSDM and implemented the electronic evidence of reprocessing and doing away with the paper-based process bringing online or web-based approach.The DSDM consortium (2010) has published a method suitability filter covering three areas such as busines s, systems and technical aspect. Adoption thoughtfulness of DSDM can be found in the DSDM manual. The e-DSDM version that is customised for e-commerce and e-business projects are available from the consortium for the public review and reference.4. ComparisonFrom the gathered literature, articles, case studies and surveys the comparison of the three agile methods (FDD, ASD and DSDM) is based on the following components general features, adoption of the methodology, and successful implementation to e-commerce and web-based systems.FDD and ASD are the most recognised software development methodologies in software development market while DSDM is recognised for being well documented since the DSDM consortium is in collaboration with the PRINCE2 which is adopted in UK. According to Abrahamsson, et al., (2002) the agile software development method status can be nascent, building-up, and active. The method can be nascent if it has been available less than a year and the no research and ex perience were identified and reported. Building up phase is a method that is recognised by many of its community of users and publication of the report and research were identified. The active method has been identified in several places, and there is a wide community base of research and reports that publish their experiences and interest on agile methods. DSDM is categorized as active, FDD and ASD belongs to building up status (Abrahamsson, et al., 2002).The general features of FDDs main selling points are the five activities and the short iteration of features. However it falls out of support for visual design, testing and deployment, which does not provide the all-in-one solution for software development. However, it was successful in e-commerce implementations as reported by Bauer (2005) and the FDD community group.ASDs main key points are adaptive approach, collaboration, and mission-based iterative development labelled as speculate-collaborate-learn cycle. The special feature s seen in adaptive systems are the emergent creation of order from the interconnected individuals. This methodology covered more discussions about principles rather than software practice.In DSDM main approach is more on the extensive application of rapid application development (RAD). There is an active consortium of experts who stands for the steering of the methodology development. Main features of DSDM is being a true agile method and the nine practices that are innate with the activities that strongly followed by its members. The shortcoming for DSDM is the availability of the resources which is exclusive only to members of the consortium, that makes the use of the model only restricts to its members.5. RecommendationThe strongest candidate for the agile methodology is FDD. According to Bauer (2005) the strongest selling point of FDD is that it unfeignedly worked on his projects that were refined according to the approach of core FDD methods. However the trade off of not havin g the complete answer to requirement gathering, visual design, testing and deployment that are significantly needed in the project can be amenable to some by tweaking some of the processes. It is important to acknowledge that doing the way software developers do their job in the software development process without any formal methodologies can be described as shooting the bird in butt without the pellet. Software development working teams usually had a history of adopting and adapting from an existing methodology or inventing their own informal methodology. Bauers experience showed FDD had a positive effect since getting everybody on board made their team more responsive to the project that was put in place using FDD. FDD was able to provide solutions for their software development issues, constant over-time, over-budget and underestimation of the work required to complete the project that makes worse scope creep, low staff morale, and unrealistic deadlines. With FDD, the solutions are clear from the plan. The reports were excellent, clear and disciplined customer-focused approach. The reduction risk was measured based on the iteration of design and build approach clarity of requirements, better understanding of building the system and no wiggle room for decisions.5. ConclusionThe agile methodologies presented in this paper provides a better deal of understanding what approach should be used depending on the type of software development project at hand. For web development or e-commerce system, the traditional software methodologies are not enough to describe the dynamic and complex nature of web systems and its relative activity on the Internet. The nature of software applications running on the web space is simple to develop til now too complex that different technologies are competing with one another. However, the technology is only a tool that has been exploited by the developers themselves. The agile methodologies put more importance on the role of peo ple, its interaction, collaboration, change and adaptive approaches. ASD is primarily much more focused on principles, while FDD is more on simplicity of its five tincture process and DSDM is excellent in the strong support of its consortium. The agile methodologies are effective in utilizing iterative development and every phase of the development processes has its own unique application that fits the needed development strategy. In summary, the agile methods are more inclined to the people who are working behind the software itself. The soulfulness building the software is the main point of how the methodology becomes successful. Human capital and strategic skills that complements the software development process leads the best production of software and ways to improve how to solve the problem in this information age.