The Xenophobia Through The Social Theory Sociology Essay

The Xenophobia Through The Social Theory Sociology EssayIn this essay Id like to fail the phenomenon of xenophobia in Ukraine. This topic corresponds to the issue of limits of ad exactlyment. To start this piece of music its crucial to define what the tolerance is. Basic excepty tolerance is will or capability to endure, every last(predicate)ow and accept the existing opinion or behaviour, which the person dislikes or disagrees with. This definition makes it clear that the ties between two conceptions of tolerance and xenophobia be undoubted.The context, in which the xenophobia is investigated here, is quiet interesting. Ukraine has got its independence in 1991, but before that for almost 400 centuries (with the exclusion of few years during the interwar period) it was a part of different Russian empires, Polish states and Habsburg Empire. Therefore, the conditions of Ukrainian nation formation were really interesting. To my mind this process is still in progress, thats why n owadays we know such an interesting case of xenophobia phenomenon there.The question my essay is going to answer is What atomic number 18 the reasons of xenophobia in Ukraine?To answer it I admit to fulfill following steps1. To re affect the contemporary approaches to the studying of xenophobia.2. To analyze the results of two sociological researches on xenophobia in the state in 1995 and 2006.3. To propose and analyze the reasons of xenophobia in Ukraine.The structure of my essay is closely link up to the steps, which I menti unmatchcapabled preceding(prenominal). Therefore, the first part will give the theoretical basis for the data analysis, which will be done in the second part. The third part will be more theoretical as Im going to find out which reasons play the make out role for xenophobia level in Ukraine.The central place in the logic of my essay is occupied by the results of researches made by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, one of the leading sociology re search agencies in Ukraine. As I mentioned above two researches were made in 1995 and 2006 correspondently. During each of these researches a little bit more than 2000 mint were inter imagineed. The results of these researches are representative for the adult race of Ukraine (18+).Part 1. Theory overview1.1. Xenophobia through the amicable openingBefore turning to statistical data it is crucial to follow through which theoretical basis this topic has, thats why I decided to look at xenophobia through the prism of social science theories. The popularly trustworthy meaning of the notion of xenophobia can be expressed by the following theses1. This is the condition of fear towards strangers or obviously nighthing unkn consume, unusual and strange2. Hatred, intolerance and hostility towards representatives of former(a) races, religion, culture, foreigners or representatives of new(prenominal) spheres as well as towards something unknown, unusual and strange.1This definitio n proves that the phenomenon of xenophobia has not entirely someone character, but also has the social nature as it is made of social reasons, factors of influence and consequences. Basically, the investigation of xenophobia is grounded on the following sociological concepts and theoretical explications an new(prenominal)(prenominal), Strange, identification, ethnocentrism, cultural compatibility, nation and nationalism, collective ideas, tolerance and racism.The notion of xenophobia is ontologically connected to the categories of Other and Strange. G. W. F. Gegel, E. Gusserl, M. Haidegger and others made a great contribution to the development and investigation of these categories. It is crucial to mention that the Other is not incumbent on(predicate) the Strange. According to G. Simmel, B. Vandelfels and E. Goffman the Strangers are not simply unknown people, but they are uninvited guests in ones world, who are not going to leave it. They come today to stay here tomorrow, but point if they stay they continue being the strangers. In other words, getting closer physically doesnt mean becoming closer spiritually. The realization of Their existance allows us to constitute ourselves and to sequestrate our We from them.2From this point of view xenophobia fits the theory We (not strange) They (the Strange) very well.The next dimension, which xenophobia can be investigated through, is the concepts of identities. In different times the problem of identity and identification was developed by E. Fromm, G. H. Mead, A. Giddens, E. Erickson, J. Habermas, K. Horney, E. Smith, etc. People have numerous identities, force and volume of which varies depending on different factors. The structure of identity develops during the full life according to the change of social context. Identification has opposite nature and foreknows the statement that they are different from us. The beginning of xenophobia can be seen when the stating of peculiarity is replaced with hard val uating contrasting (they are worsened than we are, we are their victims, etc.).3Usually it is connected with the phenomenon of negative identification, when self-affirmation occurs through the humiliation of others. To my mind this approach to xenophobia is very logical and well-grounded.In time of globalization in contemporary societies the heathenish (national) community predominates in peoples identification. Respectively, the issue of ethnic identity gains a great value and a special position. From this point of view in such a situation ethnic identity causes intolerance towards representatives of other ethnic convocations.4Here we can see how xenophobia is born as a result of the Others deviation from the accepted by majority unitary cultural norm and the xenophobic person realises him/herself to be the standard of this cultural norm.To my opinion its time to turn to the theories of ethnocentrism and cultural compatibility. The notion of ethnocentrism was introduced by L. G umplowicz and was delimitate as the reasons, which make every people believe that it occupies the highest place not only among the contemporary peoples and nations, but also comparing to all peoples of the past.5For ethnocentrism it is typically1. To accept own group as a standard for the evaluation of other groups (own is al slip counselling right, natural and the best). It causes groups inner consolidation2. To recognize the other groups as worse ones. Its accompanied by hostility, distrust and disrespect to the components of other groups.These tendencies can exist separately from each other, but for xenophobia the last feature is obligatory condition. So, this is how xenophobia can be studied from the ethnocentrism point of view.Considering xenophobia its important to stress that xenophobic world-view includes negative collective ideas, social stereotypes and prejudices. The stereotypes can have neutral or eventide positive character, but xenophobia is a consequence of negativ e stereotypes only. These negative stereotypes influence much the formation of social consciousness, defines the disfigured way of social and cross-cultural communication. This phenomenon is ballpark for individuals and social groups. Therefore, to understand xenophobia it is crucial to investigate the stereotypes of social environment, but not the individuals prejudice. From the point of xenophobia its more logical to speak roughly collective ideas (the notion proposed by E. Durkheim).6During the end of 19th beginning of 20th centuries the racial myths became a part of nationalistic arguments. Therefore, the overview of approaches to investigate xenophobia wont be full without turning to theory of nations and nationalism. diverse understanding of nation is expressed in different approaches of understanding of nationalism. In contemporary tradition of national studies nationalism is characterized as either neutral, or good, and only sometimes as negative phenomenon. The discussio n around the question of nation and nationalism still takes place. nevertheless there is no doubt that the radical in-your-face manifestation of nationalism (chauvinism) is one of xenophobia types.For sure, xenophobia should be considered in terms of bipolarity, when its other pole is the phenomenon of tolerance. One of the ways to analyze xenophobia is to observe its opposite side. The notion of tolerance was discussed in works of M. Weber, G. W. F. Gegel, T. Hobbes, J. Locke and others. The real revolution of tolerance theory was made by the theory of personal autonomy of J. St. Mill. He claimed the authority of individual freedom. An individual is absolutely sovereign in his actions. His/her freedom can be limited if his actions harm or trouble other members of society. Starting from the times when this theory was enlarge the principle of personal freedom became the basis of toleration and human rights in liberal theory.7Thereby, this overview provides an understanding of exis ting approaches to investigate xenophobia as social phenomenon. I named and discussed concisely basic theories to approach intolerance expressed in xenophobia. The concepts of Other, Strange, identification, ethnocentrism, cultural compatibility, nation and nationalism, collective ideas, tolerance and racism constructed the basis for further investigation of the issue Im kindle in. For me the central place in this overview is taken by identity and issues related to it. In this essay we are going to see how human (social) identity influences xenophobia in Ukrainian case. Nevertheless, I would assume that all named above theories are applicable for the case, which is discussed in this paper, but Im going to stress on the most important just for that very case of Ukraine.Part 2. Analysis of empirical data2.1. Bogardus scaleIts important to describe Bogardus scale briefly as this regularity was apply for the researches, results of which are going to be discussed in this paper. Thete sting scale of xenophobia was named later its creator Emory S. Bogardus. It was elaborated to estimate willingness of people to take part in social contacts on different levels with representatives of varying social groups (for instance, differentethnic, racialandsocio-lingual groups,sexual minorities, etc).8The Bogardus scale asks how close people would accept the representative of each group, which research interested in (the answer 1.00 represents no social distance at all as its the closest possible social contact) to accept as family member (no social distance) as the close friends as neighbors as colleague as the citizensof the same country as thevisitorsof the country, where responder is coming from the responder wants to exclude this person from his/her country.9The Scale of Xenophobia proposed by Bogardus is based on the method of cumulating as the respondents answer, the social distance, which the respondent chooses, delegacy that he/she also accepts bigger social distan ces (according to the scale) with a member of social group, which he-she asked about. This method was criticized much, because it simplified the meaning of different social contacts, because family relations as well as close friendship cant be compared to interactions of far-away type. Nevertheless, this scale started being used in 1925 and is still used. This is not the only way to measure social distance, but it was applied for the researches, which are discussed in this paper.2.2. Xenophobia in Ukraine. General overviewTo make the general overview of xenophobia in the country the best way is to see the dynamics of xenophobia rates change in time. Lets see the Figure 1, which represents the table comparing the xenophobia index in Ukraine in 1995 and 2006.Its obvious that in Ukraine the xenophobia index towards all ethnic, ethnic-lingual and racial groups presented in the table increased. Hierarchy of dislikes almost didnt change except of Americans, intolerance towards who increas ed of 0.9 points. ethnic/Racial/Ethnic-lingual Group19952006Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians1,722,06Russian-speaking Ukrainians1,842,23Russians2,052,39Jews3,714,13Polishes3,824,37Germans3,924,56Americans3,724,63Black people5,015,42Figure 1. The xenophobia index in Ukraine towards several ethnic/racial/ethnic-lingual groups. 1995 and 2006.10The table also shows that the highest rate of intolerance was towards black people, the members of different racial group, both in 1995 and in 2006. Intolerance rates towards the representatives of different ethnic groups, which are culturally distant (Americans and Europeans), are a bit commence comparing to the black people. The smallest social distances are towards ethnically and culturally close ethnic groups. To observe the real picture of xenophobia it is crucial to consider the following destiny of those, who according the researches results wanted the member of other nations to become the member of their families. So, 59% of Ukrainian popul ation want to accept Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainian as a family member, 13% of responders said yes to accepting Americans as their families and only 5% considered as possible to include a black person to their family. Moreover, the percentage of those, who wouldnt permit the representatives of the named above groups in Ukraine, makes the picture even more impressive 0,5% of responders dont want to see Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians in Ukraine (), 9% are against Americans presence in the state and 21% of population said no to black peoples arrival to Ukraine.11There are some basic theories of xenophobic dislikes. So Im going to see in which ways the xenophobia is usually explained by the theorists of this phenomenon in Europe and the USA.According to Theodor W. Adorno intolerance is an element of authoritarian system, which depresses personality and makes people seek for some objects to wreak their anger on. But this theory has nothing in common with image of scapegoat, because this ob ject should be historically grounded and perform as incontestable element of tradition and it has to be defined quite well by the existing well-known stereotypes12. He created this theory regarding anti-Semitism and ethnical prejudice in authoritarian societies. Investigating post-war intolerance in the USA and Germany he didnt probably realize the topicality of his counterfeition for the democratic eastern United Statesern Europe in 1990s and even 2000s.Another theory, which can be applicable for the Ukrainian case and is worse to be considered, is economic theory. Its explanation is quiet different, but fits Ukrainian reality for my mind. Gordon W. Allport argued that prejudice increases when the members of different unequal ethnic and racial groups contact each other, when one group dominates the other one. It means that not every experience of contact with representatives of other ethnical groups leads to decreasing of stereotypes. In other words the experience of interaction between members of different ethnic/racial groups is positive and successful if only they are equal by social status and they do not compete against each other.13The theory of cognitive-linguistic orientation stresses on the fact that stereotypes are to simplify the communication inside the social group and to substantiate sense of belonging to this social group between its members. This rule especially works during the radical social change periods, when group interests and mechanism of group trade protection form.14Three theories were proposed, which to my mind explain xenophobia in Europe and the USA well. Moreover, it fits Ukrainian case as Ukraine belongs to post-authoritarian states of Eastern Europe, which face a lot of difficulties on the way of following the democracy and improving democratic values in societies, thats why we can assume that authoritarian personality, who is intolerant to others, is still widespread. Following the second theory we can also suppose transf ormation of economy to lead to phobia increase on the ground of economical competition. The opening of Ukrainian market after the years of closed plan economy faced and is facing resistance from ordinary Ukrainian. Im sure that low living standard caused by economical derangement and weak economy of Ukraine led to the fear of new economic reality, which is followed by intolerance increase.Unfortunately any comparisons of Ukraine to other states are senseless as Ukrainian xenophobia situation is quite different because of intolerant attitude of Ukrainians towards each other and even themselves. This peculiarity makes me look deeper for other possible reasons of xenophobia in Ukraine otherwise the reasons named above would be enough.2.3. Xenophobia in Ukraine internal dimensionThe results of the researches, which are discussed in this paper, were also analyzed on the basis of the geographical division. Usually Ukraine is divided into two ethnic-lingual separate East and West, but KI IS divided it into 5 sub- fields (see Figure 2).Figure 2. Map of Ukraine this dimension is used for data analysis in 2006. 2 orange separate are Ukrainian-speaking and 3 blue sub-regions are mostly Russian-speaking.15The little analysis of ethnic evaluations and attitudes, which were made on the basis of this researchs results (see the Figure 3), declared that Eastern and westbound parts of Ukraine differ from each other by the level and character of xenophobia attitudes. From the table presented below it is possible to see that the level of xenophobia is high among the Western Ukrainians than among the population of Eastern Ukrain. The table, which shows the xenophobia rate by large Ukrainian ethnic-lingual groups, is also presented below (see Figure 4). This table as well as the previous one shows the percentage of respondents who agree to accept the representative of these large ethnic-lingual groups as a family member. The lower the percentage is, the higher rate of xenophobi a is.to accept as a family memberWest, %W.-C., %E.- C., %South, %East, %Ukrain.-speaking Ukrainian58,56557,55852Rus.-speaking Ukrainians27625765,562Russians1952555862Jews715102311Figure 3. Willingness to accept representative of large ethnic-social groups as a family member by regions (2006).16to accept as family memberAll respondents of 2006, %U-s Ukrainians, %R-s Ukrainians, %Russians, %Ukrain.-speaking Ukrainian59606153Rus.-speaking Ukrainian55426467Russian49335674Jew1491720Figure 4. Willingness of large Ukrainian ethnic-lingual groups to accept the representative of these groups as a family member (2006).17 So, according to these tables the highest level of intolerance towards related cultural and ethnic groups is in the Western Ukraine and among Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians. The data of the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine claims that the situation was the same in 199218. The highest xenophobia rate in this region and among this group of Uk rainians is towards Jews and Russians comparing to the other ethnic-lingual groups. The tables data also show that both groups of Ukrainians, Ukrainian-speaking and Russian-speaking, has a low-level tolerance towards the members of their own groups. Only 60-64% of respondents agree to accept a member of their ethnic-lingual group as a family member.Thereby, in this part the results of researches made by KIIS in 1995 and 2006 were analyzed. The general overview of xenophobia level in Ukraine indicated the most tolerated and not tolerated groups. From this point of view Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians were the most tolerated group in Ukrainian society, but black people were tolerated much less. In general during 1995-2006 the level of xenophobia increased much. I turned to terzetto theories to ground the xenophobia Adornos depressed personality theory, economic and cognitive-linguistic theories. Post-socialist depression, the fear of new economic realities and low economic development of country (causing the low standard of living), dominance of stereotypes in interaction/communication with representatives of other ethnic and racial groups represent main social reasons for high level of xenophobia in a country. The increase of it can be explained by long-term no change in socio-economic situation in the state. Of course, these theories explains partly the xenophobia in Ukraine, but to my mind Ukrainian case needs detailed individual approach as it has peculiarities. The Ukrainian xenophobia peculiarity is xenophobia inside dominant national community. According to KIIS data of 2006 there is xenophobic tension between Ukrainian-speaking and Russian speaking groups of Ukrainians. Moreover, there is xenophobia inside each of these groups towards the members of each of them. This part of the paper declared the low level of tolerance in Ukrainian society towards all possible ethic-lingual/ethnic/racial groups.To my mind there are three different ways to explain this p henomenon of intolerance in the Western Ukraine.Part 3. suppositional argumentation of research results3.1. Structural theoryThe first explanation is based on the structure of peoples settlements as from this point of view the Western Ukrainian region is quite different from the Eastern part. Statistics are quite interesting, they show that half of the Western population hold ups in countryside, but only 10% of Eastern Ukrainians live in villages.19Its crucial to emphasize that unlikeness between the urban and rural areas is still very big in the meaning of education and wealth. In some villages it is even hard to get access to the basic school education. The villagers are less educated than townsmen are, thats why its possible to assume that the level of education is higher on the East than on the West of Ukraine. This can partly explain the xenophobia level differences in both regions of Ukraine. This approach was called structural (the structure of settlements) by sociologists 20.The lower toleration level in rural areas can be also grounded on economic factors. During the independence period the economic situation became much worse in countryside comparing to cities. Here we can go back to T. W. Adornos theory about depressed personality. In contemporary Ukrainian village we have untainted case, when people being unsatisfied with their life blame other people in their misfortune. In Western Ukrainian case Jews, Russians and Russian-speaking Ukrainians are blamed. On the East of Ukraine traditionally (from the USSR times) they blame Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians and foreigners from the West.Nevertheless, it is obvious that economic factor-based explanation is not enough. The Western Ukrainian case turns to the deeper historical and cultural roots of this phenomenon. Western Ukrainians have already got the image of enemy, they hand this image down from parents to children. In the situation of radical social change they use it more actively. Of course, the image Im speaking about is embodied in a Russian. This image is very well supported by the stereotypes. Russian is a symbol of enslavement of Soviets times (the attitudes to this on the East is much differs).I propose to take a look at the table, which is to present the xenophobia rates in Western and Eastern cities and villages. This will make it clearer if this difference between both regions xenophobia depends more on structural or historical/cultural reasonsEthnic or Ethnic-lingual groupWestern regionEastern regionCityVillageCityVillageUkrainian-speaking Ukrainians2,332,021,971,82Russian-speaking Ukrainians3,383,481,611,61Russians3,673,861,611,44Figure 5. Xenophobia rate in Ukrainian city and village by regions(researches for 2005 and 2006).21The data from the table indicate against the structural theory but not at all as we can mention the small difference between the citys and the villages xenophobia rates. It is also easy to neb that city and village from one region have m ore in common in their attitudes than villagers and townsmen from different parts of Ukraine.3.2. Insecure majorityTo explain the phenomenon of xenophobia in both large Ukrainian ethnic-lingual groups Id like to turn to the theory presented byK. Liebkind in 199622. According to Liebkinds point of view minorities and majorities can be observed through the dimension into secure and unsafe in order to investigate the way how minorities get along together with majority. I think that Ukrainian case fits in with this theory much.This theory sees two types of majorities and minorities in this perspective. The group of insecure majority is defined by the defensive internal identity, which is constructed on strong ethnic or national basis. Interacting with minority usually insecure majority declines their demands.Secure majoritys identification is vice-versa constructed on weak ethnic or national basis moreover, it doesnt accent its own identity much. Obviously, this kind of majority respec ts the rights of minorities more and tries to fulfill their demands while including them into the society where they rule.The other side of this coin is minorities. Insecure minorities are opposite to insecure minorities, which were presented above. This group has a very weak ethnic or national basis, thats why their identifications construction goes beyond the scope of their group. In the case of insecure minority the assimilation is widespread while including them into the society ruled by majority. For the representatives of insecure minority the community of majority is the standard, which they strive for. In case, if assimilation as the only possible method of insecure minority inclusion fails, this group is supposed to be marginalized.The secure minority position is simpler as they admit their own specialty and wants to be recognized by the social majority. Its inner identification is built on the strong ethnic or national ground.23By-turn she noted that this scheme allows to invent different combinations of its components. He also mentioned that this character of majorities and minorities has another consequence while forming new states. If, for example, a secure minority happens to create its own state, its more likely that this minority will become an insecure intolerant majority.24Turning to Ukrainian case after the analysis of this scheme I realized that from the point of view of these categories in Ukraine we deal with two groups, one of which is insecure majority on the Western part of Ukraine, and another group is secure majority of the South-East of the country. Of course, this distinction is far from perfect as I assume there are no pure categories in real life, but anyway for the purposes of this essay Im able to make some generalizations on the basis of contemporary Ukrainian socio-political life.In XIX century the leaders and inspirers of Ukrainian national building considered the Western Ukraine to be Ukrainian Piedmont as Ukrainian nati onal building was mostly promoted by Lviv. The national idea was the thing, which the West carried all the time in the interest of whole contemporary Ukraine. Even now this region is highly nationalistic (I will turn to this issue in the next part). As it was said above the identification of Western Ukrainians is based on high national profile. The radical right parties are highly popular there (this fact also has some correlation coefficient with xenophobia rate). It can be explained by historical path of this region.The situation is much different on the East. I consider Eastern Ukraine to be secure majority. It means that population of this region has no strong nationality-based identity, because its identity is citizenship-based (I will turn to this later in the next part). Eastern Ukrainians never cared much about the Ukrainian nationalism, b

Sodium Sulfite Food Additive

Sodium Sulfite sustenance AdditiveSodium Sulfite a Food Additive Food additives are chemicals added to victuals during their preparations to obtain an set. This effect can range from addition of coloration, flavor to the nourishment, or it can ca aim food to gestate a prolonged shelf life, as in the case of preservatives.Usually food additives can be divided into 2 types, direct additives and indirect food additives. Direct food additives are those that are added to the food intentionally to food e.g. flavoring agents, artificial colors etc. An exact quantity of the additive is metric and added to the product and exposure to the public of the additive can be measured. Indirect food additives are those additives that are not intentionally added to food, but do get down components of it as is the case of packaging materials, plastics wraps paper packs, laminates etc. The estimation of the exact quantity of compounds which have indirectly been released into the foods and are now exposed to humans for inlet can not be straightforwardly calculated. (Estimating exposure to direct food additives) One such material which is added to foods as an additive is sodium sulfite. It is manufactured on an industrial scale by passing sulfur dioxide through caustic soda, which causes in the end sodium sulfite crystals to form. This is slightly unstable compound and releases sulfur dioxide assail slowly into the atmosphere. This strength provides it with the properties of an Antimicrobial Agent, Antioxidant and a Preservative. Different preparations are made of this product, food grade sodium sulfite and the non food grade preparation which is utilise in the paper industry as a bleaching agent and the photo industry for developing solution preparations. (Sodium sulfite grades)Before any food can be allowed to be used as an additive it has to be proven as safe by the Food and medicine billet (FDA) for its use. Concerning Sodium Sulfite, the FDA states that it can be us ed as a preservative as it is generally considered as safe for the desired purpose, but it should be prepared with good manufacturing practices and used only as is required in quantity and no more. It has no quantitative limitation put on it by the FDA, if it is used as a preservative. If the purpose use is as a boiler additive, then the FDA prevents its use on meats fruits and vegetables, which have to be presented as raw or fresh any food considered to be a vitamin B1 source. (Food Additive Status List) Food additives are taken for granted in many ways. The rationality fruits are available all year round, the reason baked goods stay fresh for so long, and we owe it all to additives and preservatives. If we were to stop using all preservatives, most of the snacks we consume would cease to exist and availability of food products would become throttle to certain areas and for only a small amount of period in a year only. Additives are for five main reasons.To admit consistency as is through with(p) with artificial foods. To prevent spoilage. Use of preservatives prevents food from ruining early. Fungi, bread mould are prevented from growing as preservatives create an unfriendly environment for them. Antioxidants additives keep fruits fresh and prevent bad taste from developing in baked goods.To maintain or to fortify the nutritional value. This is usually done with breads cereals which are usually fortified with iron, or with milk which is fortified with calcium and vitamins.To enhance the flavor and color. This is done with chips snacks or flavored drinks.To control the pH of the food. This is necessary as in preparation of baked foods like biscuits or cakes. (Food additives)Foods additives are very much integrated into our lives without us even know knowing about it. They abet in the proper preparation of food, its availability, and ability to stay fresh for long. They act as anti microbial agents, anti oxidants flavoring agents, bleaching agents, prese rvatives, fortifying agents and stabilizing agents. Although their availability has provided us with immense opportunities but it all comes at a price as well. Most of the additives are chemicals. The FDA approves additives by labeling them either safe for general consumption, or substances allowed limited use and substances which require further approval from FDA before use. (Food Additive Status List). This is done as certain additives are hazardous to health in orotund quantities. Sulfites are shown to be mutagenic towards bacteria although no proof of these effects has been reported in humans the risk still persists. It is reported to increase the relative incidence of acute asthma and in some people cause gastro intestinal symptoms if present in food products greater than trace amounts. Other additives have the ability to cause chronic ill effects to excessive consumption of the food for a long period of time.Amongst its many uses, sodium bisulfite is primarily used in almost all wine making industry to prevent oxidation of grape juice to vinegar. Secondarily, it is used as an anti microbial agent and as a food color preservative in the canned food industry by preventing oxidation and browning.In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses 2 statutes to regulate the licensing and usage of pesticides and fungicides etc. These are the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) or the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA). The FFDCA sets the rules and regulations concerning tolerance limits of pesticides, byproducts of fungicides and of food additives. The EPA, when registering a pesticide, approves these products after a risk versus benefit analysis. However, there is clause in the FFDCA which bans use of food additives which has even a small risk ill effect in humans therefore it sets a zero risk benchmark for the industry to meet. This is called the Delaneys clause. This is problematic for the EPA since it cr eates 2 different standards for the industry to meet. The FIFRA analyses the risk versus benefit nerve whereas the FFDCA which has the Delaneys clause has a zero risk standard. So some a food additives or pesticides meet the FIFRA standard do not meet the FFDCA standard. This has created obstructions in the smooth functioning of the EPA as far as approval and re registration of pesticides and food additives is concerned. Finally the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) a Non Governmental government activity has looked into this matter and made the following recommendations. It states that there should be one universal standard for all approvals, processed or raw food, old or recent pesticide. It also states that rather than having a zero risk policy, the EPA should adopt a negligible risk policy which should be acceptable both, the FIFRA as well as the FFDCA. (Delaneys paradox) References/ BibliographyDiNovi, Michael J. and Kuznesof, Paul M. Estimating Exposure to direct food addit ives and chemical contaminants in the diet.U.S. Food Drug Administration Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition piece of Pre market Approval (Aug 2006) http//www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html Food Additives FDA/IFIC Brochure. Jan.1992. U. S. Food and Drug Administration http//vm.cfsan.fda.gov/lrd/foodaddi.txtFood Additive Status List CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety. 2006. U.S, Food and Drug Administration. 21 Dec 2006 http//www.cfsan.fda.gov/dms/opa-appa.html Sodium sulfite grades. Sodium and Potassium sulfites. 2006. BASF The chemical company. 19 Dec 2006. http//www.inorganics.basf.com/ The Delaney Paradox and Negligible Risk Fact Sheet. Pesticide Management Education Program. Jan.1991. Cornell University cooperative Extensionhttp//pmep.cce.cornell.edu/issues/delaney-negrisk.html

Comparing Dulce et Decorem Est with Charge of the Light Brigade Essay

Comparing Dulce et Decorem Est with Charge of the lightly BrigadeAlthough both Dulce et Decorum Est and The Charge of the LightBrigade are around battle and the death of soldiers, they portray theexperience of war in different ways. The main difference between thepoems is the message they express. They seem to be writing approximatelycompletely different wars. Wilfred Owens poem Dulce et Decorum Est,was written from his point of view as a soldier in the war. It is muchmore personalized and affective than Charge of the Light Brigade.Tennysons poem, on the other hand was written as one of his duties asthe Poet Laureate at the time. It lacks the detail and also thepersonal experience that Owenss poem has, and gives the impressionthat Tennyson does not actually care well-nigh the war very much and doesnot know much about it. Charge of the Light Brigade was written tomemorialise a suicidal charge by light cavalry over open terrain byBritish forces in the Battle of Balaclava in the Cr imean War. 247 menof the 637 in the charge were killed or wounded.Tennyson wrote Light Brigade in a few minutes after yarn thedescription in The Times of the Battle of Balaclava in 1854. His poemincreased the morale of the British soldiers fighting in the CrimeanWar and of the people at home, but Tennyson had not been an eyewitnessto the battle he describes.I think Tennysons motive for writing this poem was to glorify the actof war, I notion he wanted to celebrate the bravery of the six hundredBritish troops who went to battle knowing that they were going to die.I think this because from my own acquaintance I know Lord Tennyson wasthe poet Laureate at the time of the Crimean war, but did not witnessany fight... ...atin is used. This contrastswith the rest of the poem and makes it more dramatic. The readerlingers on the last phrase to work out what it means and it makes moreof an impact on them in Latin than it would in English. The last lineof Charge of the Light Brigade is also very dramatic. As I havealready mentioned, it refers to the soldiers all the way through thepoem as the six hundred and and then at the end refers to them as thenoble six hundred as if the war is over and the soldiers arevictorious at the end of the poem.Overall I prefer Dulce et Decorum Est as it much more powerful toread. It is well structures and uses a lot of alliteration, assonance,such as white eyes writhing and repeating all the way through. Itmakes the reader feel guilty, angry and understand the pain andsuffering that the soldiers went through in a subtle way.

Exegesis on Request of James and John in The Bible :: essays research papers

Exegesis on the Request of James and John 1035-45The context reverberate of Christian discipleship is from chapters 822 1052 these chapters are devoted to informing us of the disciples following Jesus and includes to miracles. These miracles emphasize that the disciples at this stage gather in no real knowledge or belief of the mystery of the son of man or his destiny and theirs. This passage the request of James and John is fixed after a triplet time Jesus foretells his death and resurrection, and before the healing of the blind Bartimaeus. A third time Jesus foretells his death and resurrection. This is third passion prediction of Jesus addressing to his disciples about his fate and destiny to die, it also happens to be the most graphic and vivid described than the other two. It opens with Jesus and his disciples on the road to Jerusalem, and his disciples following him were afraid. Jesus took them aside and begins describing his death and resurrection. The cause of the discip les fears it that they do not know Jesus destination or his predictions.The disciples are blind in their understanding of Jesus Messiahship, their interpretation of a messiah is typical in all the other Jews minds. That God promised a messiah in the line of David, and would trio the Jews to victory in every battle, and fight it for them. In this sense the disciples expect that Jesus is going to throw out the foreign aliens (Romans). However it is by means of suffering, dying and the resurrection that the real truth or message of Jesus is revealed.The healing of Blind Bartimaeus 10 46-52This is the last healing miracle on the gospel of Mark. The Blind beggar addresses the Jesus as the son of David recognizing him as the messiah, and as Jesus as well.Unlike all the other miracles in the gospel Jesus does not study to silence the man but has already accepted the fact that he will die. The disciples throughout the gospel have shown antagonistic traits such as, fear interrogative se ntence and a displacement of trust in Jesus. They have come up with ideas that will assure their own advancement. Bartimaeus recognizes Jesus as the son of Man, Gods messiah and followed Jesus on the road. This passage is placed here to highlight the disciples failure of not knowing the true meaning of the body politic of God. Jesus teachings are not laws but an invitation into the kingdom of God through suffering and serving.

Management Internal/External Factors Essay -- essays research papers fc

The essential/External Factors of Management Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.In immediatelys world management moldiness consider a big variety of factors in order to build an effective management plan. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the worlds rotundst company and number one(a) retailer, with this success a company this large needs to not only to serve internally for solutions to their management objectives, they must too look outside of their business for additional resources. With the incr balance of technology and the flabby access to virtually any information, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. must be prepared to react to the pack of demands made by consumers and providers. The rapid change of the retail industry from brick and plaster stores to Internet purchases Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been able to stay enchanting to the corrupting public. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has accomplished this through a highly sophisticated inventory tracking system that enables the stores, including the Internet, t o have in stock exactly what the consumers are looking for for. According to Hoovers Online Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has expand to about 4,700 stores including about 1,500 discount stores, 1,650 combination discount and grocery stores (Wal-Mart Supercenters in the US and ASDA in the UK) and 532 membership-only warehouse stores (Sams Club) (2003). With the introduction of a foreign grocery store their management plan must encompass the rules and regulations of doing business in a foreign country. With the invention of their tracking and realisation system, called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has exerted keep in line over their entire inventory and enables the workers to identify and locate merchandise often readily for the customers. E-Commerce has increased the ease of get for consumers Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has a web site that allows for the ease and convenience of purchasing almost every item in the store over the Internet. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been very innovative in meeting the needs of their clientele, with the Supercenters, it is grassrootsally one stop shopping for all of your household and grocery needs, without the hassles of stopping at two stores when you run your errands. As a highly respected private employer, Wal-Mart is perpetrate to uphold diversity.Wal-Mart is fully committed to respect their employees... ...er innovation that Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has adopted is its shape delay data network. This allows for Wal-Mart stores to catalog and assay every transaction that is made so that they will be able to keep their finger on the split second of the customers buying patterns. With this they can tract how much of a certain item customers buy and then relay that information on to the supplier. For example, if customers are buying quaternity of the same item, then Wal-Mart can terminate the supplier of this information and then the supplier can package the item in groups of four. Through innovation W al-Mart Stores, Inc., has redefined the basic dimension of the retail Industry. Works Cited about Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart International. 8 November 2003. http//www.walmartstores.com/wmstore/wmstore/Mainabout.jsp?BV_SessionID=Aisner, James E. Rapid receipt Inside the Retailing Revolution. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge on the Web. Winter 1999. http//www.e-proximity.com/cream/HBS%20retail.htm Biesada, A. (2003) Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Hoovers Online. Retrieved November 8, 2003 from http//www.hoovers.com/free/co/factsheet.xhtmlDash30. Wal-Mart Takes on The Web. 8 Oct. 2003 . Management Internal/External Factors Essay -- essays research papers fc The Internal/External Factors of Management Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.In todays world management must consider a wide variety of factors in order to establish an effective management plan. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the worlds largest company and number one retailer, with this success a company this large needs to not only to loo k internally for solutions to their management objectives, they must also look outside of their business for additional resources. With the increase of technology and the easy access to virtually any information, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. must be prepared to react to the multitude of demands made by consumers and suppliers. The rapid change of the retail industry from brick and mortar stores to Internet purchases Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been able to stay attractive to the buying public. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has accomplished this through a highly sophisticated inventory tracking system that enables the stores, including the Internet, to have in stock exactly what the consumers are looking for. According to Hoovers Online Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has expanded to about 4,700 stores including about 1,500 discount stores, 1,650 combination discount and grocery stores (Wal-Mart Supercenters in the US and ASDA in the UK) and 532 membership-only warehouse stores (Sams Club) (2003). With the intr oduction of a foreign market their management plan must encompass the rules and regulations of doing business in a foreign country. With the invention of their tracking and identification system, called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has exerted control over their entire inventory and enables the workers to identify and locate merchandise more readily for the customers. E-Commerce has increased the ease of purchasing for consumers Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has a web site that allows for the ease and convenience of purchasing almost every item in the store over the Internet. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been very innovative in meeting the needs of their clientele, with the Supercenters, it is basically one stop shopping for all of your household and grocery needs, without the hassles of stopping at two stores when you run your errands. As a highly respected private employer, Wal-Mart is committed to uphold diversity.Wal-Mart is fully committed to respect their employees... ...er innovation that Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has adopted is its frame delay data network. This allows for Wal-Mart stores to catalog and examine every transaction that is made so that they will be able to keep their finger on the pulse of the customers buying patterns. With this they can tract how much of a certain item customers buy and then relay that information on to the supplier. For example, if customers are buying four of the same item, then Wal-Mart can advise the supplier of this information and then the supplier can package the item in groups of four. Through innovation Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has redefined the basic dimension of the retail Industry. Works CitedAbout Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart International. 8 November 2003. http//www.walmartstores.com/wmstore/wmstore/Mainabout.jsp?BV_SessionID=Aisner, James E. Rapid Response Inside the Retailing Revolution. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge on the Web. Winter 1999. http//www.e-proximity.com/cream/HBS%20retail .htm Biesada, A. (2003) Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Hoovers Online. Retrieved November 8, 2003 from http//www.hoovers.com/free/co/factsheet.xhtmlDash30. Wal-Mart Takes on The Web. 8 Oct. 2003 . Management Internal/External Factors Essay -- essays research papers fc The Internal/External Factors of Management Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.In todays world management must consider a wide variety of factors in order to establish an effective management plan. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the worlds largest company and number one retailer, with this success a company this large needs to not only to look internally for solutions to their management objectives, they must also look outside of their business for additional resources. With the increase of technology and the easy access to virtually any information, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. must be prepared to react to the multitude of demands made by consumers and suppliers. The rapid change of the retail industry from brick and mortar stores to In ternet purchases Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been able to stay attractive to the buying public. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has accomplished this through a highly sophisticated inventory tracking system that enables the stores, including the Internet, to have in stock exactly what the consumers are looking for. According to Hoovers Online Wal-Mart Stores, Inc has expanded to about 4,700 stores including about 1,500 discount stores, 1,650 combination discount and grocery stores (Wal-Mart Supercenters in the US and ASDA in the UK) and 532 membership-only warehouse stores (Sams Club) (2003). With the introduction of a foreign market their management plan must encompass the rules and regulations of doing business in a foreign country. With the invention of their tracking and identification system, called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has exerted control over their entire inventory and enables the workers to identify and locate merchandise more readily for the cust omers. E-Commerce has increased the ease of purchasing for consumers Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has a web site that allows for the ease and convenience of purchasing almost every item in the store over the Internet. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. has been very innovative in meeting the needs of their clientele, with the Supercenters, it is basically one stop shopping for all of your household and grocery needs, without the hassles of stopping at two stores when you run your errands. As a highly respected private employer, Wal-Mart is committed to uphold diversity.Wal-Mart is fully committed to respect their employees... ...er innovation that Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has adopted is its frame delay data network. This allows for Wal-Mart stores to catalog and examine every transaction that is made so that they will be able to keep their finger on the pulse of the customers buying patterns. With this they can tract how much of a certain item customers buy and then relay that information on to the supp lier. For example, if customers are buying four of the same item, then Wal-Mart can advise the supplier of this information and then the supplier can package the item in groups of four. Through innovation Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., has redefined the basic dimension of the retail Industry. Works CitedAbout Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart International. 8 November 2003. http//www.walmartstores.com/wmstore/wmstore/Mainabout.jsp?BV_SessionID=Aisner, James E. Rapid Response Inside the Retailing Revolution. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge on the Web. Winter 1999. http//www.e-proximity.com/cream/HBS%20retail.htm Biesada, A. (2003) Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Hoovers Online. Retrieved November 8, 2003 from http//www.hoovers.com/free/co/factsheet.xhtmlDash30. Wal-Mart Takes on The Web. 8 Oct. 2003 .

Industrial Robots and Manufacturing Automation :: essays research papers

Since early 2003 the Electrical Inspectorate has been working to raise public awareness of Residual Current Devices (RCDs), with the aim of eventually enforcing the use of these devices as recommended by the measuring stick adopted by the St. Lucia Bureau of Standards for wiring of buildings SLNS/BS 7671 2001- Requirements for Electrical Installations V IEE Wiring Regulations V Sixteenth Edition. These Regulations though only recently adopted by the Bureau of Standards is the Regulations referred to by the St. Lucia Electricity regulations of 1973 as the standard of wiring of buildings. For a very long time the cost of these devices had proven prohibitive for the enforcement of the requirement. However, it is now believed that sentry duty concerns as it relates to electrical hazards such as fire and electrocution far outweigh the cost of these devices What is an RCD?An RCD is an electrical safety device specially designed to dispense with life from Electrocution by immediately sw itching the electricity off when electricity Leaking to earth is detected at a level that maybe abusive to a person using electrical equipment.How Electricity KillsElectrocution occurs when a small, specific amount of electrical current flows through the heart for 1 to 3 seconds. 0.006-0.2 Amps (i.e. 6-200 milliamps) of current flowing through the heart disrupts the normal coordination of heart muscles. These muscles lose their vital rhythm and begin a process known as ventricular fibrillation. Death soon follows.0.25 Amps/250mA is equal to the current flowing through a 60W Bulb.What is ventricular fibrillation? The heart beats when electrical signals move through it. Ventricular fibrillation is a condition in which the hearts electrical activity becomes disordered. When this happens, the hearts lower (pumping) chambers contract in a rapid, unsynchronized way. (The ventricles "flutter" rather than beat.) The heart pumps little or no blood therefore the probability of death is high.What is the advantage of RCDs over Breakers and Fuses?Fuses or over current circuit breakers protect wires from impairment not human beings and lifestock. On the other hand RCD with a maximum tripping current of 30mA yield protection from electrical shock. Circuit breakers and fuses provide equipment and installation protection and operate only in response to an electrical overload or short circuit. Hence these devices cannot detect earth fault currents infra their operating current. If they are the only means of protection, it is possible for sufficient earth fault current to flow undetected to constitute an electrical hazard (fire and electrocution).

Persuasive Essay Men and Women are Equal -- essays research papers

Men and Wo hands There is constantly cessation why women and men cohabitate, nurture, desire, and endure. Many shrug the similarities and differences to the side due to the complex nature that is involved in understanding the progression. Since the beginning of time, according to the bible, man was placed as the superior sex, fending for the families well being. The woman has tended to the important jobs around the homestead as situations arose. Often in society, star will find himself in a battle depending on the views of the receiving recipients. Following is a dialogue explaining a safe and metro sexual view as a general whole.Based on scientific beliefs, one is to think we come from a less intelligent species through evolution. There is also the often believed but sadly never proven fact that we could move over possibly derived from a high power that designed our every millimeter. Also possible we started as a single celled organism by a higher power, but not monitored throughout growth into what we are now. Whichever the...